2018年考研英语一试题与答案解析（完整版）.pdf

BornBorn toto winwin2018 年年考研英语一考研英语一试试题与答案解析（完整版）题与答案解析（完整版）跨考教育英语教研室Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank andmarkA,B,C or D on theANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Trust is a tricky business.On the one hand,its a necessary condition _(1)many worthwhile things:child care,friendships,etc.On the other hand,putting your_(2)in the wrong place often carries a high _(3)._(4),why do we trust at all?Well,because it feels good._(5)peopleplace their trust in an individual or an institution,their brains release oxytocin,ahormone that _(6)pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that leadssheep to flock together for safety and prompts humans to _(7)with one another.Swiss Scientists have found that exposure _(8)this hormone puts us in a trusting_(9):In a study,researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects;those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangersthan were their _(10)who inhaled something else._(11)for us,we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may _(12)us.A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate_(13)a credible person and a dishonest one.Sixty toddlers were each _(14)to an adult tester holding a plastic container.The tester would ask,“Whats in here?”before looking into the container,smiling,and exclaiming,“Wow!”Each subject wasthen invited to look _(15).Half of them found a toy;the other half _(16)the container was empty-and realized the tester had _(17)them.Among the children who had not been tricked,the majority were _(18)tocooperate with the tester in learning a new skill,demonstrating that they trusted hisleadership._(19),only five of the 30 children paired with the _(20)testerparticipated in a follow-up activity.1.AonBlikeCforDfrom2.AfaithBconcernCattentionDinterest3.AbenefitBdebtChopeDprice4.AThereforeBThenCInsteadDAgain5.AUntilBUnlessCAlthoughDWhen6.AselectsBproducesCappliesDmaintains7.AconsultBcompeteCconnectDcompare8.AatBbyCofDto9.AcontextBmoodCperiodDcircle10.Acounterparts BsubstitutesCcolleaguesDsupporters11.AFunnyBLuckyCOddDIronic12.AmonitorBprotectCsurpriseDdelight13.AbetweenBwithinCtowardDover14.AtransferredBaddedCintroducedDentrustedBornBorn toto winwin15.AoutBbackCaroundDinside16.AdiscoveredBprovedCinsistedDremembered17.AbetrayedBwrongedCfooledDmocked18.AforcedBwillingChesitantDentitled19.AIn contrastBAs a resultCOn the wholeDFor instance20.AinflexibleBincapableCunreliableDunsuitable1.【答案】C【解析】该题选择的是介词，与后面的 many worthwhile things 一块做后置定语修饰前面的 condition,表明对于许多重要事情来说是一个必要的条件。而 A 选项from（来自于），C 选项 like（像）D 选项 on（关于）均语义不搭。2.【答案】A【解析】此处考察语义一致和对上下文辨析的问题。该空是做 put 的宾语，通过前面的 On the one hand,its a necessary condition _(1)many worthwhile things:child care,friendships,etc.(一方面,信任对许多重要事情来说是必要条件，比如照看孩子，友谊等)；on the other hand 可以得知该题仍然是在讲述关于主题 trust的问题，所以只有 faith（信任）最合适。而 B 选项 concern（关心，关注），C选项 attention（注意），D 选项 interest（兴趣，利益）均不符题意。3.【答案】D【解析】此处考察词义辨析。前文说到 putting your _in the wrong place oftencarries a high _（把放在错误的地方通常会带来巨大的），可以知道该空肯定也是填贬义，但肯定不能是 debt 债务这种具体含义，所以只能选 price，并且 carries a high price 也指付出高昂的代价。4.【答案】B【解析】此题考察上下文逻辑关系。上一段分析的是信任的利弊，该段所指内容_,why do we trust at all?（我们为什么会要信任？）所以采用了递进关系，进一步说明信任的具体内容。只有 D 选项 then(然后，那么)最符合语义搭配。而A 选项 again（再次）表示强调；B 选项 instead（然而）表转折；而 C 选项 therefore（因此）表结果，均不符合。5.【答案】D【解析】此处再一次考察逻辑关系。该空_ people place their trust in anindividual or an institution,their brains release oxytocin，a hormone（_人们信任一个人或者一个机构，大脑都会释放一种荷尔蒙）,只有 when（当时）符合上下文语境和逻辑语境。6.【答案】B【解析】该题是考察定语从句的动宾搭配问题。上一句说当人们产生信任感，大脑就会产生一种荷尔蒙，a hormone that _(6)pleasurable feelings 这个 that 就是定语从句，指这种荷尔蒙能_令人愉悦的感觉，只能是 produce 最符合语BornBorn toto winwin境。7.【答案】C【解析】考察词义辨析。该空所填为动词，并且要求与之后的 with 形成搭配。and triggers the herding instruct that leads sheep to flock together for safety andprompts humans to _with one another.说明这种荷尔蒙能够引发一种群居本能，这种本能能让羊群聚在一起，and 的后面的内容也与前面的 flock together 同义复现。所以只有 connect 最符合语境。8.【答案】D【解析】该题考察固定搭配。与 exposure to 构成固定搭配的关系。表示“接触”9.【答案】B【解析】该题考察上下文语义。上文中说到这种荷尔蒙会给人带来一种愉悦的情绪，通过这个结论，可以得出这种荷尔蒙能让人有让人信任的情绪/心绪。只有mood 是最合适的答案。10.【答案】A【解析】此处仍然是考察上下文语境。上文中 In a study,researchers sprayedoxytocin into the noses of half the subjects;能从下文得知这也是只本句讲另外一组受试者。conuterparts 表示对应物，对应的人。11.【答案】B【解析】此处考察上下文逻辑关系。从后文中的 also 可以看出前后一致的关系。前文对于这种天赋都是褒义的色彩，所以答案此时应该是 lucky。12.【答案】B【解析】同样也是因为 also，说明前后一致关系。只能选择 protect.13.【答案】A【解析】考察固定搭配。ACanadian study found that children as young as 14 monthscan differentiate _ a credible person and a dishonest one.选则 between 意为：14 个月大的孩子能在诚实和不诚实的人之间进行区分。14.【答案】C【解析】考察搭配。结合原文语境，“Sixty toddlers were each_to adult tester holdinga plastic container”选项 C“be introduced to sth”表示“初次认识某物。”符合原文语境。15.【答案】D【解析】本题考察借此搭配及词义复现。根据原文“whats in here?”before lookinginto the container.Each subject was then invited to _.”选项D与前文所表达的inhere 和 looking into 相关。因此 D 为正选。BornBorn toto winwin16.【答案】A【解析】本题考察词义复现。根据语境“half of them found a toy;the other half 16the container was empty.”这是用分好并列连接的两个句子，属于并列关系。因此，前半句讲一般的受测者在盒子里面找到了玩具，后半句在肯定其他人会怎么说。像个小分局的结构基本一直。因此本题填入的含义应该与 found 含义相同。因此，A 选项发现为正选。17.【答案】C【解析】根据本题语境，此句在破折号后面，是对前面的意思解释说明。前面提到了另一半人发现盒子是空的，并且易世达测试者对他们怎么样。既然盒子是空的，那么肯定认识到测试者是在戏弄他们，所以对此题必须要理解测试者是主语，宾语是 Them 指的是受测者。主语的含义决定了谓语的含义为戏弄。因此 C 选项为正选。18.【答案】B【解析】考察搭配。根据句子结构我们可以看出逗号之前是一个介词短语，意为在所有没有被戏弄过的孩子里面，大多数的孩子在习得一种新技能的时候与测试者的合作是如何的。Demonstrating that they trusted his leadership 表明这些孩子信任他的领导。因此，既然信任他们就表示愿意合作。所 B 选项 willing to do 构成固定搭配。19.【答案】A【解析】本题考察逻辑关系。根据原文语境“”only five of the 30 children paried withthe“20”tester participated in a follow-up activity.”通过该句中的 only，可以看出与上文的“大多数”形成鲜明对比。因此，本题应该选择转折逻辑关系。A 选项为正选。20.【答案】C【解析】本题考察词义辨析。根据原文语境；在接下来的活动中，30 个孩子中有5个孩子与.样的测试者能合作，所以结合上文提到的大部分孩子信任测试者，但是 5/30 属于小部分，大部分测试者对应的是信任，而小部分应该对应的是不信任。因此，C 选项“不可靠”为正选。Section Reading ComprehensionPartADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosingA,B,C or D.Mark your answers on theANSWER SHEET.（40 points）Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probablygo unmentioned in the next presidential campaign:What happens when the robotscome for their jobs?Dont dismiss that possibility entirely.About half of U.S.jobs are at high risk ofBornBorn toto winwinbeing automated,according to a University of Oxford study,with the middle classdisproportionately squeezed.Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care dontappeal to robots.But many middle-class occupations-trucking,financial advice,software engineering have aroused their interest,or soon will.The rich own therobots,so they will be fine.This isnt to be alarmist.Optimists point out that technological upheaval hasbenefited workers in the past.The Industrial Revolution didnt go so well for Ludditeswhose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms,but it eventually raised livingstandards and created more jobs than it destroyed.Likewise,automation shouldeventually boost productivity,stimulate demand by driving down prices,and freeworkers from hard,boring work.But in the medium term,middle-class workers mayneed a lot of help adjusting.The first step,as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The SecondMachine Age,should be rethinking education and job training.Curriculums fromgrammar school to college-should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and moreon creativity and complex communication.Vocational schools should do a better jobof fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots.Online education can supplement the traditional kind.It could make extra training andinstruction affordable.Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do sowithout going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S.torevive its fading business dynamism:Starting new companies must be made easier.Inprevious eras of drastic technological change,entrepreneurs smoothed the transitionby dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines.The best uses of 3D printersand virtual reality havent been invented yet.The U.S.needs the new companies thatwill invent them.Finally,because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income andlabor income,taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought.Taxes on low-wagelabor need to be cut,and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit shouldbe expanded:This would boost incomes,encourage work,reward companies for jobcreation,and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years,yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended byautomation.Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts.Butpolicies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.【题干】Who will be most threatened by automation?【选项】ALeading politicians.BLow-wage laborers.CRobot owners.DMiddle-class workers.21 答案答案 D Middle-class workers这是一道具体细节题，题干问道“那些人受自动化威胁最大？”根据段落定位原BornBorn toto winwin则，第一题应该到第一段和第二段寻找答案，A 选项主要的政治领导人，而原文只是在一段提到了 presidential campaign，并未提到政治领导人受自动化影响；B选项低收入劳动者，在二段说道 lower-income jobs dont appeal to robots，说明不会受到影响；C 选项机器人的所有者，在二段末句提到 the rich own the robots,sothey will be fine.可以看到他们也是不受影响的；故选择 C，可以从二段的 But后找到根据。22.【题干】Which of the following best represent the authors view?【选项】AWorries about automation are in fact groundless.BOptimists opinions on new tech find little support.CIssues arising from automation need to be tackledDNegative consequences of new tech can be avoided22 答案答案 C Issues arising from automation need to be tackled这是一道作者观点细节题，题干问道“下列哪项最能代表作者观点”根据上一题可知，这道题应该从第三段寻找答案，这种题一般到首句、末句或转折后寻找观点。首句就说到上面提到的威胁不是 alarmist 危言耸听的；末句提到中产阶级工人需要很多帮助来调整自己。根据这两部分可知选项 C 是正确的，A 选项说对自动化的担心是 groundless 的和文意相反；B 选项说乐观主义者对新技术的支持几乎没有找到支持不符合本段第二句和第三句，与原文相反；D 选项新技术的负面影响可以避免与本段末句不符，既然需要中产阶级去适应，那就说明是不可避免的，也应排除。23.【题干】Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on_.【选项】Acreative potential.Bjob-hunting skills.Cindividual needs.Dcooperative spirit.23 答案答案 A creative potential这是一道具体细节题，题干问到“自动化时代的教育应该重视什么”可定位到第四段，第一句就提到了应对这个时代的第一步就是 rethinking education and jobtraining。具体方法在后面也给出来了，curriculums should focus more on creativityand complex communication，更重视创新和复杂的交际，故 A 选项是正确的。这道题的对应非常直接，其他几个选项几乎不构成干扰。24.【题干】The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at_.【选项】Aencouraging the development of automation.Bincreasing the return on capital investment.Ceasing the hostility between rich and poor.Dpreventing the income gap from widening.24.答案答案 Dpreventing the income gap from widening.这是一道观点细节题，问作者认为税收政策应该以什么为目标。根据题干关键词BornBorn toto winwin定位至第六段，六段首句说因为自动化预示着劳资双方的收入在扩大，所以，税收和安全保障也将必须重新考虑。接着第二句就在具体解释税收政策该如何改变，如应该免去低工资工人的税，个人所得税应该增加，最后一句话指出，这将提高收入，鼓励就业，激励那些创造就业的公司，减少不平等。由此可得知，关于税收政策的目标就是阻止收入差距扩大，答案是 D。25.【题干】In this text,the author presents a problem with_.【选项】Apposing views on it.Bpossible solutions to it.Cits alarming impacts.Dits major variations.25.答案答案 Bpossible solutions to it.纵观全文，作者在前两段提出了一个问题，即自动化将威胁到中产阶级工人的工作，第三段指出乐观主义者认为这也许对工人们是有利的，只不过中产阶级工人可能需要做出一定的改变。从第四段到第六段就是作者给出的一些解决办法，如教育上要改变，培养学生的创造性和实际技能，以及对于税收政策的调整等，最后一段是概括总结，所以这是一篇提出问题，分析问题并解决问题的文章，所以，答案是 B，作者提出了问题，并且给出了可能的解决措施。Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of youngAmericans disapprove of President Trumps use of Twitter.The implication is thatMillennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source,Nota presidents social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines.Yet as distrust hasrisen toward all media,people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills.Such a trend is badly needed.During the 2016 presidential campaign,nearly a quarterof web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan wasfake news,according to the University of Oxford.And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from themedia giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful atseparating fact from fiction in cyberspace.A Knight Foundation focus-group surveyof young people between ages 14and24 found they use“distributed trust”to verifystories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectivesespecially those that are open about any bias.“Many young peopleassume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and activelyseeking out opposing viewpoints,”the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect.A 2014 survey conducted inAustralia,Britain,and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madisonfound that young peoples reliance on social media led to greater politicalengagement.BornBorn toto winwinSocial media allows users to experience news events more intimately andimmediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of theirvalues and interests.This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passingalong information.A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given byAmericans for the fake news phenomenon is“reader error,”more so than made-upstories or factual mistakes in reporting.About a third say the problem of fake newslies in“misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news”via social mediaIn otherwords,the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue.“Thisindicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,”saysRoxanne Stone,editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president,they reveal amental discipline in thinking skills and in their choices on when to share on socialmedia.26.【题干】According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2,many young Americans cast doubtson【选项】Athe justification of the news-filtering practice.Bpeoples preference for social media platforms.Cthe administrations ability to handle information.Dsocial media was a reliable source of news.答案 Dsocial media was a reliable source of news解析：细节题。根据题干信息定位到文中第一段与第二段。文章第一段提到在美国超过 2/3 的年轻人反对总统特朗普使用推特。接着提到美国公民更希望从别的渠道获得白宫的信息，而不是从总统的社交平台。第二段第二句指出由于美国人越来越不信任媒体，他们可能想办法提高自身的媒体文化素养。由此可见，很多美国年轻人怀疑社交媒体值不值得信任。因此 D 选项符合文意。27.【题干】The phrase“beer up”(Line 2,Para.2)is closest in meaning to【选项】AAsharpenBdefineCboastDshare答案 A sharpen解析：猜词题。根据题干定位到第二段第二句。上文提到大部分美国人依靠社交媒体来查看每日头条。第二句紧接着指出“由于美国人越来越不信任媒体，他们开始 beef up 自身的媒体文化素养”。由此推测，美国人开始对媒体产生怀疑，所以是想办法强化自身的知识来辨别媒体可不可靠。选项中只有 A 项有(强化，加强)的含义。故 A 项为正确答案。28.【题干】According to the knight foundation survey,young people【选项】Atend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.Bverify news by referring to diverse resources.BornBorn toto winwinChave s strong sense of responsibility.Dlike to exchange views on“distributed trust”答案B verify news by referring to diverse resources.解析：根据题目中的 survey 可以得出，本题目为细节题的研究结论型。题干中已知的关键词 the knight foundation survey 告诉我们本题在第三段第二句话的位置，原句指出“A knight foundation focus-group survey of young people.found they use distributedtrust to verify stories.”，意思是他们使用 distributed trust 来 verify stories。而且下一句又详细指出，they cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives。结合选项可看出 B 选项verify 与原文一致，news 对应原文的 stories，referring to diverse resources即 distributed trust，B 为正确答案。29.【题干】The Barna survey found th