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初中英语
笔记
精华版
初中英语笔记大全(精华版)
l This is the key to the door .这是开门的钥匙。
l
call sb. = phone sb. = ring sb. up
please give me a call .请打电话给我
l family指家庭时是单数,谓语动词用“is”,family指家人时是复数,谓语动词用“are”。
l of表示无生命物体的所有格,s表示有生命物体的所有格。有生命物体的所有格也可以用of,但有生命物体后要加“s”。
l 以副词there或here开头的句子常要倒装,以示强调。
l What’s your name, please? = Could you tell me your name, please? = May I have your name, please?
l Nice to meet you. = Glad to meet you. = Pleased to meet you.
l 写启示的方法:
1.启示的主题;2.描述细节;3.留下联系方式。
l 表示惊讶、忧伤、微怒、失望等,可以用dear作感叹词。
l 名词如果有数量词修饰它,使用谓语动词适应看他的数量词,如:
l get to somewhere (get home除外)到达……
l
l 肯定:Let+宾语(人称代词的宾格或名词)+ V原型+……
否定:Don’t let +宾语+V原型+……/Let + 宾语 + not + V原型+……
l have表示“有”时才可以用来提问或写成否定“haven’t”。
l
l
联系动词
be动词
+ adj.作表语
感官动词
look 看
sound 听
smell 闻
taste 尝
fell 触
l 反身代词:
myself(我自己) yourself(你自己) himself(他自己) herself(她自己) itself(它自己) ourselves(我们自己) yourselves(你们自己) themselves(他们自己)
l How much + be + 商品?(答:It’s/They’re……) = What is the price of……?(答:It ’s……)
l cent 美分 One dollar =100 cents
l other(两者中的另一个) another(三者中的另一个)
l 越接近物品本身性质的形容词越靠近物品,如:big blue hat
l 帮助某人做某事
help sb. (to) do sth.
help sb. with sth.
with the help (n.) of sb. e.g. He studies math well, with the help of teacher.
l 一般将来时的一般形式:主语+will+动词原形+……
l Can I help you? = What can I do for you? = (Is there) anything I can do for you?
l
welcome
a.受欢迎的
v.欢迎
n.欢迎
get a warm welcome 得到热烈欢迎
l be动词不加动词原形
l “hundred,thousand”与基数词一起表示具体数字时不加“s”。
hundreds of 上百 thousands of 上千
l buy sth. for sb. = buy sb.(间接宾语) sth.(直接宾语) 为某人买某物
l any body 在肯定句中表示任何人,在否定句和疑问句中不是。
l for表示动词的对象或接受者,表示用途,表示目的,表示等价交换或标注价格,表示时间持续多久,表示距离,表示理由或原因。
l
each强调两者或两者以上的每一个,强调个体
+第三人称单数
every强调三者或三者以上的每一个,强调整体
There are many trees on each side of the road
There are many trees on both sides of the road
l the price is low(high) 价格低(高)
l
也
also
放在be动词、情态动词、助动词之后,实意动词之前
either
放在句末(疑问句、否定句)
too
放在句末(肯定句)
l on a cold morning 在一个寒冷的早晨
l
when……?
答不用具体时间
what time……?
答要用具体时间
l
比赛
contest
和智力或知识有关的竞赛
game
match
有计划预先安排好的比赛
l 持续一段时间的节日一般用“festival”.
l
a kind of
一种
many kind of
许多种
all kinds of
各种各样
l kind of ……有几分……如:The elephants are kind of cute.
l 含有think的宾语从句中如果从句中有否定,要否定前移,如:She doesn’t think they are boring.(她认为他们不无聊)
l 问:How are you?
答:I’m fine. (我很好。)/Just so so.(一般般。)
l 表示时间、价格、距离的名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。如:Two dollars is enough(足够)。
l 怎么判断双音节单词中第一个音节是开音节还是闭音节:双音节单词中的两个元音是两个音节的中心,元音是由元音字母或元音字母组合发出的音,因此,首先找到单词中的两个元音字母或元音字母组合,两个中心就清楚了。两个中心之间的辅音字母(不是字母组合)则分别划归两个音节,第一个音节即为闭音节,如果两个中心之间的辅音字母为双写字母(包括“r”),分别划归前后,第一个音节按闭音节读音。如:
paper /’peipə/ (pa为开音节) member /’membə/ (mem为闭音节) happy /’hæpi/ (hap为闭音节) sorry /’sɔri/ (sor为闭音节) certainly /’sə:tnil/
l I am sorry. I can’t go with you. (对不起。我不能和你一起去。)
l Thanks. / Thank you. / Thank you very much. / Thank a lot. / Many thanks.
l You are welcome. / That’s OK. / That’s all right.
l It’s my pleasure. / With pleasure. (这是我的荣幸。)
l make friend with sb. (和……交朋友)
l Thanks for + n. / v.ing = Thanks sb. for + n. / v.ing
l below 在……下方(非正下方)
反义词:above 在……上面(非正上方,没有接触面)
under 在……下面(正下方)
反义词:on(有接触面),over(没有接触面)在……上面(正上方)
l keep + sth. + adj. 使某物保持某状态。
keep + adj. 保持某状态。
l 表示请求、建议、希望得到对方肯定回答的疑问句用“some”。
l 问:Let……
答:OK. / All right. / That’s a good idea. / That sounds good. / Sorry.
l sport用来修饰名词要变为sports。
l play + the + 乐器 Erhu除外
l be动词后叫表语,修饰名词叫定语,修饰动词叫状语,前后两词对等叫同位语。
l 人民币和日元变复数不变,其他要。
l be good with sb. = get on well with sb. 与某人相处的很好
l 问:How often does Rick run on weekend?
答:Rick usually runs on weekend.
l always(总是)usually(通常)often(经常)sometime(有时)seldom(很少)never(从不)
l 频度副词放在be动词或助动词之后,实意动词或行为动词之前。
l 感叹句:
What + (a/an) + adj. + n. + (主) + (谓) !
如:What beautiful flowers they are!
How + adj. /adv. + (主) + (谓) !
如:How beautiful the flowers are!
l Can you think what his job is? 含有宾语从句的复合句,宾语从句的从句必须是陈述句。
l Start to do sth. 开始做某事
l be famous for…… 因……出名
l
忙于某事
be busy doing sth.
be busy with sth.
l
对某人某事严格
be strict with sb.
be strict in sth. / doing sth.
l
l for + 时间段……做某事持续多久
l 问:How long do you have volleyball?
答:I have volleyball for two hours.
l ask sb. some questions. 问某人一些问题
ask sb. to do sth. 叫某人做某事
l no =not any
l because不和so同时使用,although(尽管)不和but同时使用。
l
little
修饰不可数名词
几乎没有(否定)
a little
有一些(肯定)
few
修饰可数名词
几乎没有(否定)
a few
有一些(肯定)
l either:两者中的任何一个都行。
neither:两者中的任何一个都不。
l 用“may”提问的句子回答用can/can ‘ t或must / mustn’ t;用“can”提问的句子回答用can/can’t;用“must”提问的句子回答用need/needn’t.
如:1. May I park my car here?
Yes, you can / must. / No, you can’t / mustn’t.
2. Can I watch TV?
Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.
3. Must I clean the classroom this morning?
Yes, you need. / No, you needn’t.
l be afraid of doing sth. / be afraid of sth. 害怕做某事/某物
l be fond of = like
l make a continuation to sth. 对……有贡献
l do well in = be good at 擅长……
l 比较级 + and + 比较级 越来越……
l give back = return 归还
l 法国人单数:Frenchman/Frenchwoman
英国人单数:Englishman/Englishwoman
Chinese和Japanese单复数同形
l in the world 在世界上
all over the world / around the world / the whole word 全世界
l in the school 在学校里 in school 在学校学习
l outside 在……外面
outside the gate to the park 在公园门外
l turning 转角
l go down + …… 沿着 …… 路走
go straight down + …… 沿着 …… 路直走
l enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事
enjoy oneself = have a good time = have fun
l take a walk = go for a walk = have a walk
l the beginning of ……的开始
at the beginning of 强调在……开始的那一刻
in the beginning 起初,一开始
from the beginning 开始时
from beginning to end 从开始到结束
l visit + 地点、参观某地
a visit to + 地点、参观某地
l have fun doing sth. 做……很开心
l 地点 + is a great place to do sth. ……是一个做……的地方
l be busy with sth. 忙于某事
l the way to ……去……的路
on the way to + 地点 在去……的路上
on one’s way to + 地点 某人在去……的路上
on my way to home 在我回家的路上
l
l
l
l 主语 + hope(that) + 从句
主语 + hope + to do sth.
l live on ……靠……为生
l
l
pay 金钱 to sb. for sth.
为了某物付钱给某人
pay 金钱 to sb. = pay sb. 金钱
pay sb.
付钱给某人
l between 两者之间 among 三者或三者以上之间
l
l Why not do sth. ? 表建议:为什么不做……呢?
Why don’t you do sth. ? 表疑问:你为什么不要……?
l
l
如:People like this kind of animals, because they’re kind of cute.
l in the south of 在……南部
l asleep 睡着的 adj. fall asleep 入睡 be asleep 正睡着
l be friendly to sb. 对某人友好
l don’t forget to do sth. 不要忘记做某事
l tell sb. to do sth. 叫某人去做某事
tell sb. not to do sth. 叫某人不去做某事
l
l 介词 + doing sth.
l would like to do sth. 想要做某事
l Which place do you live in = Where do you live ?
l Isn’t he cute ? 否定疑问句
l Sam wants to play basketball, doesn’t he ? 翻译疑问句
l Why not do sth. ? = Why don’t you do sth. ?
l practice doing sth. 练习做某事
l use sth. to do sth.
l 比较级中的代词用that , 如:The map of Beijing is better than that of Tianjin.
l said to oneself 自言自语
l be careful not to do sth. 小心别做某事
l do one’s best 尽某人的全力
l
l be satisfied with…… 对……满意
l be full of 满是……
l
l 条件状语从句:主语为将来时,从句为一般现在时。如:We’ll have a sports meeting if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
l It’s (形式主语) + adj. + (for sb.) + to do sth.(主语) 做某事怎么样。
如:It’s important for him to play the piano . 弹钢琴对他很重要。
It’s + adj. + of sb. to do sth. (adj.应为sb.的本身性质)
如:It’s kind of you to help me. 你帮助了我,你真好。
l go across the bridge 过桥
l in + 时间段(将来时)多久后
l
l What does she do ? = What’s she? = What’s her job?
l
l 如:I hope I can visit Hong Kong sometime.
l
l
l talk to / with sb. 与某人交谈
l
l be out 外出
l
l waitress 女服务员
l
l be late for…… 做……迟到了
l
l learn by oneself = teach oneself 自学
l
l
l show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb.
l lately 最近
l
l thanks for + n. / 动名词
l 表语一般放在be动词后,定语一般放在名词前。
l be with sb. 与某人在一起
l
l 描述头发:漂亮 + 长短 + 形状 + 颜色
描述人的长相:have / has + …… hair / eyes / ears / mouth / nose …… is / am / are + tall / short / thin / heavy / good-looking / of medium height ……
l strong的反义词:weak 虚弱的
l love to do sth. 喜爱做某事
l wear 用进行时态时表示短时间内的状态。
如:Miss Li is wearing a new dress today. 李老师今天穿着一件新裙子。
l popular 流行;受欢迎的 pop 流行
l
l kind of = a little bit + adj. / adv. = a little bit of + n.
l
l 多个形容词修饰名词时,顺序为:限定词(the;a……) 数词 描绘词 (大小、长短、形状、新旧、颜色) 出处 材料性质、类别 名词
l
l
l
l outgoing 外向的
l What fine weather it is ! = How fine the weather is !
l
l
l round the world 全世界
l junk food 垃圾食物
l
l be on a visit (n.) to …… = visit (v.) ……
l stay + adj. 保持……
l
l
l be angry with sb.
l
l most of …… ……中的大多数
l
l
l He doesn’t want to do anything. = He wants to do nothing.
l Help oneself to sth. 受……欢迎
l play a joke on sb. 和某人开玩笑
l dress sb. 为某人穿衣打扮
l 动词原型及其过去式
l to + v.(不定式)
l another + n.(单) | |
l
l It’s time for sb. to do sth.
l be worry (adj.) about (担心……) = worry (v.) about
l
l
l so……that 如此……以致
l discuss with sb. sth.
l
l
l as soon as 一 …… 就
l Stand sth.
l Maybe adv.
l exercise (v.) = do exercise (n.) / do sports
l
l
l How often
How many
How much
How long 时间多久
How far 距离多远
How soon 多快 例:How soon will you come back ? In two days.
How many times 多少次
l result for do sth.
l want sb. to do sth.
l
l Thanks for doing sth.
l
l
l be different from 与……不同
l look after = take care of 照顾(重视)
l
l style 风格、方式
l
l
l the old 老人
l kind person 热心人
l the same as 与……一样
l kind of = a little (bit)
l keep in good healthy = keep healthy
l make a plan for 为……做计划
l although = though 让步状语从句:虽然、尽管
l
l
l be good at sth. / doing sth.
l advice (un.) 建议 a piece of advice.
l
l lots of = a lot of
l
l
l
l certainly 当然
l sound like + 名词 / 名词词组
l
l want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事 = would like sb. to do sth.
l
l hope表示有可能实现的愿望。hope to do sth.希望去做某事;hope + that从句(that可以省略)。另外,hope后面+so表示“希望如此”;hope not表示“希望不是这样。wish表示的愿望有点难实现。wish to do sth.希望做某事;wish sb. to do sth.希望某人做某事;wish that从句,从句所表示的希望一般是不可能实现的,故用虚拟语气。
l
l
l
l Need sth. / to do sth.
l Be good for sth. / doing sth.
l get 变得
l
l be …… with sth.
l
l western 西方的
l 形式主语→It’s + adj. to do sth.
l improve 提高
l have a pain in the + 身体部位
l 名词修饰名词:①修饰词总为单数
②woman man 跟着所修饰词单复数变化
③sport 作为修饰词总为复数
l there be + 主语 + doing sth.
l if:条件状语从句,用一般现在时表将来时。
l
l 不擅长:be weak is
擅长:be good at
l Angry with sb. about sb. 为某事生某人的气。
l for表目的,例:We come here for vacation.
l
l 将来时:1. will + v.(原)
2. be going to do sth.
3. 用现在进行时表将来时
l
l sb. pay 钱 for sth.
l
l go away 离开
l Have a good time = Enjoy yourself
l send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb.
l show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb.
l
l
l think (过去式:thought) :think about sth. / doing sth. 思考……
l think of :想起
l decide (决定) to do sth. / on sth. / on doing sth.
l 在某大洲中心in:Greece is in Europe.(European欧洲的)
l leave somewhere 离开某地 —————— leave for somewhere 离开去某地
l plan→planned→planning
l natural 自然的
l finish doing sth. 完成某事
l hope to do sth. / 从句
l
l I can’t wait to do sth. 我迫不及待想做某事
l the number of ……的数量
l depend on 依赖于
l in the mountain 在山区
l
l keep + 宾语 + adj.(宾补)
l
l decide to do sth. / on sth. /on doing sth.
l 宾语从句:陈述句语序
l get to = reach = arrive in / at
l Would / Will you please + v(原)
l sit at the table 用餐
l the final(adj. 最后的) exam 期末考试
l How 提问方式方法
l
l 地 + is + 距离 + (away) from B地
△有具体距离不再用far
It’s + 距离 + from A to B
划线部分提问:
It’s ten kilometres from my home to school.
How far is it from your home to school ?
l It take sb.……to do sth. 例:It takes him about 10 minutes to ride to the station.
l ride 车程 :An hour’s bus ride will take you there.
l
l final = at last =in the end
l not all (部分否定)并非所有:Not all students are here.
l
l
l
l a lot / far / much 用来修饰比较级表示差别程度大,差别程度小用 a bit / a little
l
l What do you think of ? = How do you like ?
l need(实义动词) + sth. / to do sth.
l the number of ……的数量,谓动用单数(is)The number of the students is 100.
l worry(v.)
l invite (v.) → invitation (n.)
l
l
l discuss sth. 讨论某事
l
l
l
l on one’s way to : 谁在前往……的路上
by the way : 顺便提一下
in……ways : 方面
Excuse , you’re in my way : 你挡到我了
l
l
l
l enjoy doing sth.
l be good at = as …… as
l
l
l
l
l on the farm : 在农场上
l take part in = join in
l like helping others
l however = but
l
l make sb. adj. (宾补)
l lie→lying
l another + 数字 + 复数名词
l by plane = by air
l break→broke→broken
l be + 过去分词 → 被动语态
l
l healthy→healthier
l
l
l
l would like to do sth.
l You’d better do sth. / not do sth.
l view [vju:] n. 观点
l face to face 面对面
l another在做形容词时意为“又一个,再一个,另外的”,其后可以接可数名词的单数或复数。如:I have another two books to read.
l another ,the other ,others ,the others
① another既可作形容词又可作代词,泛指“再一个,又一个”,表示“总数为三个或三个以上中任意的另一个”,表示泛指,可以单独使用;作定语时,修饰可数名词单数,其前不加冠词。
如:This dress is dirty ,please change another one for me.
② the other表示“两个中的另一个”,表示特指,总数为两个;它可以单独使用,也可用the other + 可数名词单数。
如:His parents both work in a hospital. One is a doctor and the other is a nurse.
③ others用于泛指一些人或事物中其他的,可单独使用或用other + 可数名词复数来代替。注意others后面不可直接加名词。
如:Some students like English and other students (others) like physics.
④ the others指一定范围内其余所有的人或物,表示特指。
如:This dictionary is better than the others.
l 形容词、副词的比较级
1. 比较级的定义
大多数形容词都有三个级别:原级、比较级、最高级。其中比较级表示“更……”,用于两者之间的比较,用来说明“前者比后者更……”。比较级前面一般用much ,even ,a little修饰。
2. 比较级的构成
(1) 规则变化
① 单音节和部分双音节的形容词或副词一般在词尾加er
如:calm—calmer tall—taller smart—smarter
② 以字母e结尾的直接在词尾加r
如:nice—nicer fine—finer large—larger
③ 以辅音+y结尾的词,变y为i,再加er
如:early—earlier happy—happier busy—busier
④ 以重读闭音节的单个辅音字母结尾的词,双写辅音字母,再加er
如:big—bigger thin—thinner hot—hotter
⑤ 多音节或部分双音节的形容词在原级前面加more
如:popular—more popular important—more important
(2) 不规则变化
少数形容词、副词的比较级变化是不规则的:good—better bad/ill—worse many/much—more little—less far—farther/further old—older/elder
3. 比较级的用法
(1) 当两个人或事物(A和B)进行比较时,我们需要用到形容词或副词的原级或比较级。
① 表达“A和B一样”,用as……as的结构。
公式:A + be动词 + as + 形容词原级 + as + B
A + 实义动词 + as + 副词原级 + as + B
如:I am as tall as you.
He runs as fast as I.
② 表达“A不如B”用not as/so…as的结构。
公式:A + be动词的否定形式 + as + 形容词原级 + as +B
A + 助动词的否定形式 + 动词 + as + 副词原级 + as + B
如:I am not as tall as you.
He doesn’t run as fast as I.
③ 表达“A大于B”用“比较级+than”的结构
公式:A + be动词 + 形容词比较级 + than + B
A + 实义动词 + 副词比较级 + than + B
如:I am taller than you.
He runs faster than I.
(2) 关于形容词、副词比较级的更多用法
① 比较级前面可以加上表示“优劣程度”的词或短语,意思是“更……”,“……得……”。常见词有much ,a little ,even ,a lot ,a great deal等。
如:He is much taller than I.
I jump a little higher than he.
② 比较级前面可以加上表示具体数量差别的结构,表示具体“大多少”,“长多少”,“短多少”等。
如:I am two years older than he.
This building is 20 meters higher than that one.
③ 表示“越来越……”
比较级 + and + 比较级(单音节词);more and more + 原级(多音节词)
如:It is getting warmer and warmer.
He is running faster and faster.
Our country is becoming more and more beautiful.
④ 表示“越……就越……”;the+比较级…,the+比较级…
如:The more ,the better
The more careful you are ,the fewer mistakes you will make.
⑤ the+比较级…of the two…表示两个当中较……的一个
如:The taller of the two boys is my brothers.
4. 运用形容词、副词比较级应当注意的问题
(1) 按语法规则,than后面的人称代词应当用主格,但口语当中有时会用宾格代替主格。
如:He is more careful than I (me).
(2) 只有同类的事物才能比较
如:Her bag is bigger than mine.
≠Her bag is bigger than I.
The weather of Kun Ming is much better than that of Shenyang.
≠The weather of Kun Ming is much better than Shenyang.
5. 加er的双音节词大多以y、ow、er、ple、ble结尾
6. 由词根+前缀/后缀形成的形容词+more
l 一般现在时
一般现在时是指经常发生的动作或存在的状态,其谓语动词用原形,当主语是第三人称单数时谓语动词有三单变化。
1. 一般现在时态的句型:
(1) 动词为be动词时:主语 + be动词(