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初中英语 笔记 精华版
初中英语笔记大全(精华版) l This is the key to the door .这是开门的钥匙。 l call sb. = phone sb. = ring sb. up please give me a call .请打电话给我 l family指家庭时是单数,谓语动词用“is”,family指家人时是复数,谓语动词用“are”。 l of表示无生命物体的所有格,s表示有生命物体的所有格。有生命物体的所有格也可以用of,但有生命物体后要加“s”。 l 以副词there或here开头的句子常要倒装,以示强调。 l What’s your name, please? = Could you tell me your name, please? = May I have your name, please? l Nice to meet you. = Glad to meet you. = Pleased to meet you. l 写启示的方法: 1.启示的主题;2.描述细节;3.留下联系方式。 l 表示惊讶、忧伤、微怒、失望等,可以用dear作感叹词。 l 名词如果有数量词修饰它,使用谓语动词适应看他的数量词,如: l get to somewhere (get home除外)到达…… l l 肯定:Let+宾语(人称代词的宾格或名词)+ V原型+…… 否定:Don’t let +宾语+V原型+……/Let + 宾语 + not + V原型+…… l have表示“有”时才可以用来提问或写成否定“haven’t”。 l l 联系动词 be动词 + adj.作表语 感官动词 look 看 sound 听 smell 闻 taste 尝 fell 触 l 反身代词: myself(我自己) yourself(你自己) himself(他自己) herself(她自己) itself(它自己) ourselves(我们自己) yourselves(你们自己) themselves(他们自己) l How much + be + 商品?(答:It’s/They’re……) = What is the price of……?(答:It ’s……) l cent 美分 One dollar =100 cents l other(两者中的另一个) another(三者中的另一个) l 越接近物品本身性质的形容词越靠近物品,如:big blue hat l 帮助某人做某事 help sb. (to) do sth. help sb. with sth. with the help (n.) of sb. e.g. He studies math well, with the help of teacher. l 一般将来时的一般形式:主语+will+动词原形+…… l Can I help you? = What can I do for you? = (Is there) anything I can do for you? l welcome a.受欢迎的 v.欢迎 n.欢迎 get a warm welcome 得到热烈欢迎 l be动词不加动词原形 l “hundred,thousand”与基数词一起表示具体数字时不加“s”。 hundreds of 上百 thousands of 上千 l buy sth. for sb. = buy sb.(间接宾语) sth.(直接宾语) 为某人买某物 l any body 在肯定句中表示任何人,在否定句和疑问句中不是。 l for表示动词的对象或接受者,表示用途,表示目的,表示等价交换或标注价格,表示时间持续多久,表示距离,表示理由或原因。 l each强调两者或两者以上的每一个,强调个体 +第三人称单数 every强调三者或三者以上的每一个,强调整体 There are many trees on each side of the road There are many trees on both sides of the road l the price is low(high) 价格低(高) l 也 also 放在be动词、情态动词、助动词之后,实意动词之前 either 放在句末(疑问句、否定句) too 放在句末(肯定句) l on a cold morning 在一个寒冷的早晨 l when……? 答不用具体时间 what time……? 答要用具体时间 l 比赛 contest 和智力或知识有关的竞赛 game match 有计划预先安排好的比赛 l 持续一段时间的节日一般用“festival”. l a kind of 一种 many kind of 许多种 all kinds of 各种各样 l kind of ……有几分……如:The elephants are kind of cute. l 含有think的宾语从句中如果从句中有否定,要否定前移,如:She doesn’t think they are boring.(她认为他们不无聊) l 问:How are you? 答:I’m fine. (我很好。)/Just so so.(一般般。) l 表示时间、价格、距离的名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。如:Two dollars is enough(足够)。 l 怎么判断双音节单词中第一个音节是开音节还是闭音节:双音节单词中的两个元音是两个音节的中心,元音是由元音字母或元音字母组合发出的音,因此,首先找到单词中的两个元音字母或元音字母组合,两个中心就清楚了。两个中心之间的辅音字母(不是字母组合)则分别划归两个音节,第一个音节即为闭音节,如果两个中心之间的辅音字母为双写字母(包括“r”),分别划归前后,第一个音节按闭音节读音。如: paper /’peipə/ (pa为开音节) member /’membə/ (mem为闭音节) happy /’hæpi/ (hap为闭音节) sorry /’sɔri/ (sor为闭音节) certainly /’sə:tnil/ l I am sorry. I can’t go with you. (对不起。我不能和你一起去。) l Thanks. / Thank you. / Thank you very much. / Thank a lot. / Many thanks. l You are welcome. / That’s OK. / That’s all right. l It’s my pleasure. / With pleasure. (这是我的荣幸。) l make friend with sb. (和……交朋友) l Thanks for + n. / v.ing = Thanks sb. for + n. / v.ing l below 在……下方(非正下方) 反义词:above 在……上面(非正上方,没有接触面) under 在……下面(正下方) 反义词:on(有接触面),over(没有接触面)在……上面(正上方) l keep + sth. + adj. 使某物保持某状态。 keep + adj. 保持某状态。 l 表示请求、建议、希望得到对方肯定回答的疑问句用“some”。 l 问:Let…… 答:OK. / All right. / That’s a good idea. / That sounds good. / Sorry. l sport用来修饰名词要变为sports。 l play + the + 乐器 Erhu除外 l be动词后叫表语,修饰名词叫定语,修饰动词叫状语,前后两词对等叫同位语。 l 人民币和日元变复数不变,其他要。 l be good with sb. = get on well with sb. 与某人相处的很好 l 问:How often does Rick run on weekend? 答:Rick usually runs on weekend. l always(总是)usually(通常)often(经常)sometime(有时)seldom(很少)never(从不) l 频度副词放在be动词或助动词之后,实意动词或行为动词之前。 l 感叹句: What + (a/an) + adj. + n. + (主) + (谓) ! 如:What beautiful flowers they are! How + adj. /adv. + (主) + (谓) ! 如:How beautiful the flowers are! l Can you think what his job is? 含有宾语从句的复合句,宾语从句的从句必须是陈述句。 l Start to do sth. 开始做某事 l be famous for…… 因……出名 l 忙于某事 be busy doing sth. be busy with sth. l 对某人某事严格 be strict with sb. be strict in sth. / doing sth. l l for + 时间段……做某事持续多久 l 问:How long do you have volleyball? 答:I have volleyball for two hours. l ask sb. some questions. 问某人一些问题 ask sb. to do sth. 叫某人做某事 l no =not any l because不和so同时使用,although(尽管)不和but同时使用。 l little 修饰不可数名词 几乎没有(否定) a little 有一些(肯定) few 修饰可数名词 几乎没有(否定) a few 有一些(肯定) l either:两者中的任何一个都行。 neither:两者中的任何一个都不。 l 用“may”提问的句子回答用can/can ‘ t或must / mustn’ t;用“can”提问的句子回答用can/can’t;用“must”提问的句子回答用need/needn’t. 如:1. May I park my car here? Yes, you can / must. / No, you can’t / mustn’t. 2. Can I watch TV? Yes, you can. / No, you can’t. 3. Must I clean the classroom this morning? Yes, you need. / No, you needn’t. l be afraid of doing sth. / be afraid of sth. 害怕做某事/某物 l be fond of = like l make a continuation to sth. 对……有贡献 l do well in = be good at 擅长…… l 比较级 + and + 比较级 越来越…… l give back = return 归还 l 法国人单数:Frenchman/Frenchwoman 英国人单数:Englishman/Englishwoman Chinese和Japanese单复数同形 l in the world 在世界上 all over the world / around the world / the whole word 全世界 l in the school 在学校里 in school 在学校学习 l outside 在……外面 outside the gate to the park 在公园门外 l turning 转角 l go down + …… 沿着 …… 路走 go straight down + …… 沿着 …… 路直走 l enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事 enjoy oneself = have a good time = have fun l take a walk = go for a walk = have a walk l the beginning of ……的开始 at the beginning of 强调在……开始的那一刻 in the beginning 起初,一开始 from the beginning 开始时 from beginning to end 从开始到结束 l visit + 地点、参观某地 a visit to + 地点、参观某地 l have fun doing sth. 做……很开心 l 地点 + is a great place to do sth. ……是一个做……的地方 l be busy with sth. 忙于某事 l the way to ……去……的路 on the way to + 地点 在去……的路上 on one’s way to + 地点 某人在去……的路上 on my way to home 在我回家的路上 l l l l 主语 + hope(that) + 从句 主语 + hope + to do sth. l live on ……靠……为生 l l pay 金钱 to sb. for sth. 为了某物付钱给某人 pay 金钱 to sb. = pay sb. 金钱 pay sb. 付钱给某人 l between 两者之间 among 三者或三者以上之间 l l Why not do sth. ? 表建议:为什么不做……呢? Why don’t you do sth. ? 表疑问:你为什么不要……? l l 如:People like this kind of animals, because they’re kind of cute. l in the south of 在……南部 l asleep 睡着的 adj. fall asleep 入睡 be asleep 正睡着 l be friendly to sb. 对某人友好 l don’t forget to do sth. 不要忘记做某事 l tell sb. to do sth. 叫某人去做某事 tell sb. not to do sth. 叫某人不去做某事 l l 介词 + doing sth. l would like to do sth. 想要做某事 l Which place do you live in = Where do you live ? l Isn’t he cute ? 否定疑问句 l Sam wants to play basketball, doesn’t he ? 翻译疑问句 l Why not do sth. ? = Why don’t you do sth. ? l practice doing sth. 练习做某事 l use sth. to do sth. l 比较级中的代词用that , 如:The map of Beijing is better than that of Tianjin. l said to oneself 自言自语 l be careful not to do sth. 小心别做某事 l do one’s best 尽某人的全力 l l be satisfied with…… 对……满意 l be full of 满是…… l l 条件状语从句:主语为将来时,从句为一般现在时。如:We’ll have a sports meeting if it doesn’t rain tomorrow. l It’s (形式主语) + adj. + (for sb.) + to do sth.(主语) 做某事怎么样。 如:It’s important for him to play the piano . 弹钢琴对他很重要。 It’s + adj. + of sb. to do sth. (adj.应为sb.的本身性质) 如:It’s kind of you to help me. 你帮助了我,你真好。 l go across the bridge 过桥 l in + 时间段(将来时)多久后 l l What does she do ? = What’s she? = What’s her job? l l 如:I hope I can visit Hong Kong sometime. l l l talk to / with sb. 与某人交谈 l l be out 外出 l l waitress 女服务员 l l be late for…… 做……迟到了 l l learn by oneself = teach oneself 自学 l l l show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb. l lately 最近 l l thanks for + n. / 动名词 l 表语一般放在be动词后,定语一般放在名词前。 l be with sb. 与某人在一起 l l 描述头发:漂亮 + 长短 + 形状 + 颜色 描述人的长相:have / has + …… hair / eyes / ears / mouth / nose …… is / am / are + tall / short / thin / heavy / good-looking / of medium height …… l strong的反义词:weak 虚弱的 l love to do sth. 喜爱做某事 l wear 用进行时态时表示短时间内的状态。 如:Miss Li is wearing a new dress today. 李老师今天穿着一件新裙子。 l popular 流行;受欢迎的 pop 流行 l l kind of = a little bit + adj. / adv. = a little bit of + n. l l 多个形容词修饰名词时,顺序为:限定词(the;a……) 数词 描绘词 (大小、长短、形状、新旧、颜色) 出处 材料性质、类别 名词 l l l l outgoing 外向的 l What fine weather it is ! = How fine the weather is ! l l l round the world 全世界 l junk food 垃圾食物 l l be on a visit (n.) to …… = visit (v.) …… l stay + adj. 保持…… l l l be angry with sb. l l most of …… ……中的大多数 l l l He doesn’t want to do anything. = He wants to do nothing. l Help oneself to sth. 受……欢迎 l play a joke on sb. 和某人开玩笑 l dress sb. 为某人穿衣打扮 l 动词原型及其过去式 l to + v.(不定式) l another + n.(单) | | l l It’s time for sb. to do sth. l be worry (adj.) about (担心……) = worry (v.) about l l l so……that 如此……以致 l discuss with sb. sth. l l l as soon as 一 …… 就 l Stand sth. l Maybe adv. l exercise (v.) = do exercise (n.) / do sports l l l How often How many How much How long 时间多久 How far 距离多远 How soon 多快 例:How soon will you come back ? In two days. How many times 多少次 l result for do sth. l want sb. to do sth. l l Thanks for doing sth. l l l be different from 与……不同 l look after = take care of 照顾(重视) l l style 风格、方式 l l l the old 老人 l kind person 热心人 l the same as 与……一样 l kind of = a little (bit) l keep in good healthy = keep healthy l make a plan for 为……做计划 l although = though 让步状语从句:虽然、尽管 l l l be good at sth. / doing sth. l advice (un.) 建议 a piece of advice. l l lots of = a lot of l l l l certainly 当然 l sound like + 名词 / 名词词组 l l want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事 = would like sb. to do sth. l l hope表示有可能实现的愿望。hope to do sth.希望去做某事;hope + that从句(that可以省略)。另外,hope后面+so表示“希望如此”;hope not表示“希望不是这样。wish表示的愿望有点难实现。wish to do sth.希望做某事;wish sb. to do sth.希望某人做某事;wish that从句,从句所表示的希望一般是不可能实现的,故用虚拟语气。 l l l l Need sth. / to do sth. l Be good for sth. / doing sth. l get 变得 l l be …… with sth. l l western 西方的 l 形式主语→It’s + adj. to do sth. l improve 提高 l have a pain in the + 身体部位 l 名词修饰名词:①修饰词总为单数 ②woman man 跟着所修饰词单复数变化 ③sport 作为修饰词总为复数 l there be + 主语 + doing sth. l if:条件状语从句,用一般现在时表将来时。 l l 不擅长:be weak is 擅长:be good at l Angry with sb. about sb. 为某事生某人的气。 l for表目的,例:We come here for vacation. l l 将来时:1. will + v.(原) 2. be going to do sth. 3. 用现在进行时表将来时 l l sb. pay 钱 for sth. l l go away 离开 l Have a good time = Enjoy yourself l send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. l show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb. l l l think (过去式:thought) :think about sth. / doing sth. 思考…… l think of :想起 l decide (决定) to do sth. / on sth. / on doing sth. l 在某大洲中心in:Greece is in Europe.(European欧洲的) l leave somewhere 离开某地 —————— leave for somewhere 离开去某地 l plan→planned→planning l natural 自然的 l finish doing sth. 完成某事 l hope to do sth. / 从句 l l I can’t wait to do sth. 我迫不及待想做某事 l the number of ……的数量 l depend on 依赖于 l in the mountain 在山区 l l keep + 宾语 + adj.(宾补) l l decide to do sth. / on sth. /on doing sth. l 宾语从句:陈述句语序 l get to = reach = arrive in / at l Would / Will you please + v(原) l sit at the table 用餐 l the final(adj. 最后的) exam 期末考试 l How 提问方式方法 l l 地 + is + 距离 + (away) from B地 △有具体距离不再用far It’s + 距离 + from A to B 划线部分提问: It’s ten kilometres from my home to school. How far is it from your home to school ? l It take sb.……to do sth. 例:It takes him about 10 minutes to ride to the station. l ride 车程 :An hour’s bus ride will take you there. l l final = at last =in the end l not all (部分否定)并非所有:Not all students are here. l l l l a lot / far / much 用来修饰比较级表示差别程度大,差别程度小用 a bit / a little l l What do you think of ? = How do you like ? l need(实义动词) + sth. / to do sth. l the number of ……的数量,谓动用单数(is)The number of the students is 100. l worry(v.) l invite (v.) → invitation (n.) l l l discuss sth. 讨论某事 l l l l on one’s way to : 谁在前往……的路上 by the way : 顺便提一下 in……ways : 方面 Excuse , you’re in my way : 你挡到我了 l l l l enjoy doing sth. l be good at = as …… as l l l l l on the farm : 在农场上 l take part in = join in l like helping others l however = but l l make sb. adj. (宾补) l lie→lying l another + 数字 + 复数名词 l by plane = by air l break→broke→broken l be + 过去分词 → 被动语态 l l healthy→healthier l l l l would like to do sth. l You’d better do sth. / not do sth. l view [vju:] n. 观点 l face to face 面对面 l another在做形容词时意为“又一个,再一个,另外的”,其后可以接可数名词的单数或复数。如:I have another two books to read. l another ,the other ,others ,the others ① another既可作形容词又可作代词,泛指“再一个,又一个”,表示“总数为三个或三个以上中任意的另一个”,表示泛指,可以单独使用;作定语时,修饰可数名词单数,其前不加冠词。 如:This dress is dirty ,please change another one for me. ② the other表示“两个中的另一个”,表示特指,总数为两个;它可以单独使用,也可用the other + 可数名词单数。 如:His parents both work in a hospital. One is a doctor and the other is a nurse. ③ others用于泛指一些人或事物中其他的,可单独使用或用other + 可数名词复数来代替。注意others后面不可直接加名词。 如:Some students like English and other students (others) like physics. ④ the others指一定范围内其余所有的人或物,表示特指。 如:This dictionary is better than the others. l 形容词、副词的比较级 1. 比较级的定义 大多数形容词都有三个级别:原级、比较级、最高级。其中比较级表示“更……”,用于两者之间的比较,用来说明“前者比后者更……”。比较级前面一般用much ,even ,a little修饰。 2. 比较级的构成 (1) 规则变化 ① 单音节和部分双音节的形容词或副词一般在词尾加er 如:calm—calmer tall—taller smart—smarter ② 以字母e结尾的直接在词尾加r 如:nice—nicer fine—finer large—larger ③ 以辅音+y结尾的词,变y为i,再加er 如:early—earlier happy—happier busy—busier ④ 以重读闭音节的单个辅音字母结尾的词,双写辅音字母,再加er 如:big—bigger thin—thinner hot—hotter ⑤ 多音节或部分双音节的形容词在原级前面加more 如:popular—more popular important—more important (2) 不规则变化 少数形容词、副词的比较级变化是不规则的:good—better bad/ill—worse many/much—more little—less far—farther/further old—older/elder 3. 比较级的用法 (1) 当两个人或事物(A和B)进行比较时,我们需要用到形容词或副词的原级或比较级。 ① 表达“A和B一样”,用as……as的结构。 公式:A + be动词 + as + 形容词原级 + as + B A + 实义动词 + as + 副词原级 + as + B 如:I am as tall as you. He runs as fast as I. ② 表达“A不如B”用not as/so…as的结构。 公式:A + be动词的否定形式 + as + 形容词原级 + as +B A + 助动词的否定形式 + 动词 + as + 副词原级 + as + B 如:I am not as tall as you. He doesn’t run as fast as I. ③ 表达“A大于B”用“比较级+than”的结构 公式:A + be动词 + 形容词比较级 + than + B A + 实义动词 + 副词比较级 + than + B 如:I am taller than you. He runs faster than I. (2) 关于形容词、副词比较级的更多用法 ① 比较级前面可以加上表示“优劣程度”的词或短语,意思是“更……”,“……得……”。常见词有much ,a little ,even ,a lot ,a great deal等。 如:He is much taller than I. I jump a little higher than he. ② 比较级前面可以加上表示具体数量差别的结构,表示具体“大多少”,“长多少”,“短多少”等。 如:I am two years older than he. This building is 20 meters higher than that one. ③ 表示“越来越……” 比较级 + and + 比较级(单音节词);more and more + 原级(多音节词) 如:It is getting warmer and warmer. He is running faster and faster. Our country is becoming more and more beautiful. ④ 表示“越……就越……”;the+比较级…,the+比较级… 如:The more ,the better The more careful you are ,the fewer mistakes you will make. ⑤ the+比较级…of the two…表示两个当中较……的一个 如:The taller of the two boys is my brothers. 4. 运用形容词、副词比较级应当注意的问题 (1) 按语法规则,than后面的人称代词应当用主格,但口语当中有时会用宾格代替主格。 如:He is more careful than I (me). (2) 只有同类的事物才能比较 如:Her bag is bigger than mine. ≠Her bag is bigger than I. The weather of Kun Ming is much better than that of Shenyang. ≠The weather of Kun Ming is much better than Shenyang. 5. 加er的双音节词大多以y、ow、er、ple、ble结尾 6. 由词根+前缀/后缀形成的形容词+more l 一般现在时 一般现在时是指经常发生的动作或存在的状态,其谓语动词用原形,当主语是第三人称单数时谓语动词有三单变化。 1. 一般现在时态的句型: (1) 动词为be动词时:主语 + be动词(

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