语言学基础2009.pdf

研究生入学考试专用命题纸VII.What is the maxim of quality and what comes if deliberate violation of it happens?Give an exampleto illustrate it.(5 points)VIII.Draw phrase structure tree for each of the following sentences.You should draw different treediagrams for the same sentence if the sentence is ambiguous.(10 points)1.right at the beginning of the most boring lecture2.The boy the man the woman loved saw ran away.3.Poirots book about life in the fifties4.which chicken do you want to eat?IX.Identify the expletive itand there(itor thereas subjects which contributenothing to the meaning of the sentences)in the examples below.Note:only some of theexamples contain expletive subjects.(5 points)(1)Its already too late to rescue them.(2)It is blue.(3)She saw it before you did.(4)There is an old statue standing in the garden.(5)Are there still a lot of stains showing on my shirt?X.The following utterances were produced spontaneously by Holly,age three year.(1)I learned about loving moms.(2)Put him in the bathtub.(3)We eated gummy snakes.(4)Thank you for giving these books us.(5)I dont know.(6)He bited my finger.(when corrected,she said:he bitted my finger.)(7)I runned in the watcr.(8)I rided on a elephant.1)Has Holly acquired the past tense morpheme?How do you know?2)what is the evidence that words such as bathtub,books,and water are nouns for Hollyand that words such as eat,know,and ride are verbs?(6 points)XI.The following sentences are ambiguous.Try to paraphrase the different meanings ofthese sentences to show the ambiguity.(10 points)1.Susie left the men without remorse.2.Go and ask the dean who will teach the first year students English literature.3.She returned carly that morning.4.They are looking for teachers of French,German and Japancse5.This story shows what evil man can do.XII.Identify the empty categories in the following sentences.(5 points)1.John was last seen e in a supermarket.2.John persuaded Bill e2 to go to see a doctor.3.John seems e3 to have been taken eto hospital.4.What is Mary looking for es?共3页第2页:151研究生入学考试专用命题纸XIII.The sentences in(1)are ungrammatical,as indicated by the asterisk.(i)Try to make themgrammatical.(ii)Can you think of a reason why they arc ungrammatical?(9%)1 a.*Miss Marple solved in the kitchen the crime.b.*Miss Marple kissed passionately Poirot.c.*These students study with passion magic.XIV.What are the differences between the grammar in ones brain/mind and the grammar in thegrammar books on your desks?(10 points)XV.Chinese has evolved from a less commonly taught language into a critically needed language,suppose you are a Chinese teacher,what do you think are the main difficulties in teaching Chinese as aforeign language?(10 points).XVL The following expressions are examples of Spoonerisms,or,put it informally,slips ofthe tongue,what does this show?(10 points)The dear old queen The queer old dean.(segment switching)The rules of word formation=The words of rule formation.(word switching)Id forgotten about that=Id forgot aboutten that.(morpheme switching)XVII.What is the maxim of quality and what comes if deliberate violation of it happens?Give anexample to illustrate it.(5 points)XVIII.Please use J.Austins Speech Act Theory to analyze the utterance The bag is heavy.(5 points)XIX.How do you understand the utterance Context can make sense out of nonsense?Give an exampleto illustrate it.(5 points)XX.What is bilingualism?Give an example to illustrate your understanding of it.(5 points)XXI.How do you understand the following conversation?(5 points)A:Shall we get something for the kids.B:Yes.But I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.XXII.Give a comment on the following passage.(15 points)Traditional grammars give a wealth of information concerning structural descriptions of sentences.However,valuable as they obviously are,traditional grammars are deficient in that they leave unexpressed many of thebasic regularities of the language with which they are conccrned.This fact is particularly clear on the level ofsyntax,where no traditional or structuralist grammar goes beyond classification of particular examples to thestage of formulation of generative rules on any significant scale.共3页第3页:152