2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）.pdf

2018 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or Don the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Trust is a tricky business.On the one hand,its a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things:child care,friendships,etc.On the other hand,putting your 2,in the wrong place often carries ahigh 3.4,why do we trust at all?Well,because it feels good.5 people place their trust in an individual oran institution,their brains release oxytocin,a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggersthe herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another.Scientists have found thatexposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9:In a Swiss study,researchers sprayed oxytocininto the noses of half the subjects;those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amountsof money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.11 for us,we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us.A Canadian study found thatchildren as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one.Sixtytoddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container.The tester would ask,“Whats in here?”before looking into the container,smiling,and exclaiming,“Wow!”Each subject wasthen invited to look 15.Half of them found a toy;the other half 16 the container was empty-andrealized the tester had 17 them.Among the children who had not been tricked,the majority were 18 to cooperate with the testerin learning a new skill,demonstrating that they trusted his leadership.19,only five of the 30children paired with the“20”tester participated in a follow-up activity.1 A on B like C for D from2 A faith B concern C attention D interest3 A benefit B debt C hope D price4 A Therefore B Then C Instead D Again5 AUntil B Unless C Although D When6 A selects B produces C applies D maintains7 A consult B compete C connect D compare8 A at B by Cof Dto9 A context B mood C period D circle10A counterparts B substitutes C colleagues Dsupporters11A Funny B Lucky C Odd D Ironic12A monitor B protect C surprise D delight13A between B within C toward D over14A transferred B added C introduced D entrusted15A out B back C around D inside16A discovered B proved C insisted D.remembered17A betrayed Bwronged C fooled D mocked18A forced B willing C hesitant D entitled19A In contrast B As a result C On the whole D For instance20A inflexible B incapable C unreliable D unsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably gounmentioned in the next presidential campaign:What happens when the robots come for theirjobs?Dont dismiss that possibility entirely.About half of U.S.jobs are at high risk of being automated,according to a University of Oxford study,with the middle class disproportionately squeezed.Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care dont appeal to robots.But many middle-classoccupations-trucking,financial advice,software engineering have aroused their interest,orsoon will.The rich own the robots,so they will be fine.This isnt to be alarmist.Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers inthe past.The Industrial Revolution didnt go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced bymechanized looms,but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than itdestroyed.Likewise,automation should eventually boost productivity,stimulate demand bydriving down prices,and free workers from hard,boring work.But in the medium term,middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step,as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age,shouldbe rethinking education and job training.Curriculums from grammar school to college-shouldevolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication.Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helpingstudents work alongside robots.Online education can supplement the traditional kind.It couldmake extra training and instruction affordable.Professionals trying to acquire new skills will beable to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S.to revive its fadingbusiness dynamism:Starting new companies must be made easier.In previous eras of drastictechnological change,entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combinelabor and machines.The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality havent been invented yet.The U.S.needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally,because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and laborincome,taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought.Taxes on low-wage labor need to becut,and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded:This wouldboost incomes,encourage work,reward companies for job creation,and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years,yet this will belittle comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.Destroying themachines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts.But policies to help workers adapt will beindispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?A Leading politicians.BLow-wage laborers.CRobot owners.DMiddle-class workers.22.Which of the following best represent the authors view?A Worries about automation are in fact groundless.BOptimists opinions on new tech find little support.CIssues arising from automation need to be tackledDNegative consequences of new tech can be avoided23.Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis onA creative potential.Bjob-hunting skills.Cindividual needs.Dcooperative spirit.24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed atA encouraging the development of automation.Bincreasing the return on capital investment.Ceasing the hostility between rich and poor.Dpreventing the income gap from widening.25.In this text,the author presents a problem withA opposing views on it.Bpossible solutions to it.Cits alarming impacts.Dits major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapproveof President Trumps use of Twitter.The implication is that Millennials prefer news from theWhite House to be filtered through other source,Not a presidents social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines.Yet as distrust has risen toward allmedia,people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills.Such a trend is badly needed.During the 2016 presidential campaign,nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter usersin the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news,according to the University of Oxford.And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or nevertrust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact fromfiction in cyberspace.A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages14and24 found they use“distributed trust”to verify stories.They cross-check sources andprefer news from different perspectivesespecially those that are open about any bias.“Manyyoung people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves andactively seeking out opposing viewpoints,”the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect.A 2014 survey conducted in Australia,Britain,andthe United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young peoples reliance onsocial media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while alsopermitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests.This forces users tobe more conscious of their role in passing along information.A survey by Barna research groupfound the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is“reader error,”moreso than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting.About a third say the problem of fakenews lies in“misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news”via social media.In other words,the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue.“This indicates there is areal personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,”says Roxanne Stone,editor in chief atBarna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president,they reveal a mental disciplinein thinking skills and in their choices on when to share on social media.26.According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2,many young Americans cast doubts onA the justification of the news-filtering practice.B peoples preference for social media platforms.C the administrations ability to handle information.D social media was a reliable source of news.27.The phrase“beer up”(Line 2,Para.2)is closest in meaning toA sharpenB defineC boastD share28.According to the knight foundation survey,young peopleA tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.B verify news by referring to diverse resources.C have s strong sense of responsibility.D like to exchange views on“distributed trust”29.The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem isA readers outdated values.B journalists biased reportingC readers misinterpretationD journalists made-up stories.30.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News OnlineB A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting TrendC The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.D The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britains National Health Service(NHS)and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well.DeepMind is oneof the leading artificial intelligence(AI)companies in the world.The potential of this work appliedto healthcare is very great,but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the techgiants.It Is against that background that the information commissioner,Elizabeth Denham,hasissued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS,which handedover to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreementwhich took far too little account of the patients rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized.The NHS trust has mended its ways.Further arrangements-and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensurethat all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has beencleaned.There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn.But privacy is not the onlyangle in this case and not even the most important.Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blameon the NHS trust,since under existing law it“controlled”the data and DeepMind merely“processed it.But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation,not themere possession of bits,that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives nowgenerate.Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiableknowledge about them.That misses the way the surveillance economy works.The data of anindividual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted.Thispractice does not address the real worry.It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMinddevelops will benefit patients and save lives.What matters is that they will belong to a privatemonopoly which developed them using public resources.If software promises to save lives onthe scale that dugs now can,big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done.Weare still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have giganticconsequences later.A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism.MsDenhams report is a welcome start.31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind?A It caused conflicts among tech giants.B It failed to pay due attention to patients rights.C It fell short of the latters expectationsD It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32.The NHS trust responded to Denhams verdict withA empty promises.B tough resistance.C necessary adjustments.D sincere apologies.33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 thatA privacy protection must be secured at all costs.B leaking patients data is worse than selling it.C making profits from patients data is illegal.D the value of data comes from the processing of it34.According to the last paragraph,the real worry arising from this deal isA the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.B the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.C the uncontrolled use of new software.D the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.The authors attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare isA ambiguous.B cautious.C appreciative.D contemptuous.Text 4The U.S.Postal Service(USPS)continues to bleed red ink.It reported a net loss of$5.6 billion forfiscal 2016,the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue.Meanwhile,it has morethan$120 billion in unfunded liabilities,mostly for employee health and retirement costs.Thereare many bankruptcies.Fundamentally,the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technologicalchange that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product,first-class mail,and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to thenew realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interestedpressure on the USPSs ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to thePostal Service,aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected.This is why repeatedattempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years,leaving the Postal Service unable to payits bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved-Democrats,Republicans,the Postal Service,theunions and the systems heaviest usershas finally agreed on a plan to fix the system.Legislationis moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated$28.6 billion over five years,which could help pay for new vehicles,among other survival measures.Most of the money wouldcome from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees intoMedicare.The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retireehealth care,thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House,this measure would still have to get through the Senate where som