16-专题十六　选择型阅读.docx

5年中考3年模拟让每一位学生分享高品质教育 专题十六　选择型阅读 五年中考 题组1　说明文 Passage 1(2021江苏苏州,B) 　　Chinese is mainly divided into 13 dialects (方言) and these dialects can be further divided into many kinds of local dialects. Putonghua (or Mandarin), the predominant dialect, is spoken by over 70% of the population and is one of the 6 official languages of the United Nations. Within these large dialect groups, there are small groups, many of which are difficult to understand. In Fujian, for example, people living 10 kilometres away from one another can be speaking different Min dialects. Putonghua. It is the mother dialect of Chinese living in northern China and Sichuan Province. It is called Guoyu in some parts of China, like Hong Kong, Macao (澳门) and Taiwan. It is known in English as Mandarin Chinese, or Standard Chinese. Wu. Spoken in Shanghai, most of Zhejiang and the southern parts of Jiangsu and Anhui, Wu is made up of hundreds of different spoken forms. Hakka/Kejia. Hakka is widely spoken in Fujian, Taiwan, and some countries in Southeast Asia. Min. It is spoken in Fujian, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia. Min group is the most diverse (多样的), with many different spoken forms used in neighbouring countries. Yue. It is spoken in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, all over Southeast Asia and by many Chinese living abroad. 1.What does the underlined word “predominant” mean? 　　　　　 　　　　　 　　　　　 A.More beautiful.　　B.More special. C.More interesting.　　D.More common. 2.What do you know about Putonghua after reading this passage? A.It is used by a small group of people in China. B.It is spoken only by people in Mainland China. C.It is included in the official languages of the United Nations. D.It is the mother dialect of people living in southern China. 3.Based on the passage, which of the following is true? A.Most people in Anhui speak Kejia. B.Wu is the local dialect of Shanghai. C.Yue has the most different spoken forms. D.Most people in Hong Kong speak Min. 答案　 [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文,介绍了汉语的几大方言。 1.D　词义猜测题。根据画线词后面的is spoken by over 70% of the population可知,画线词意为“更普遍的”。故选D。 2.C　细节理解题。根据第一段第二句中and is one of the 6 official languages of the United Nations可知,普通话是联合国六大官方语言之一,所以C项正确。故选C。 3.B　细节理解题。根据第三段中Wu. Spoken in Shanghai可知,上海当地方言为吴语,所以B项正确。故选B。 重点词汇　be divided into...被分为……;be made up of...由……组成;spoken form口头形式 词汇积累　dialect方言;official language官方语言;Macao澳门;diverse多样的 Passage 2(2021江苏扬州,D) 　　Ever wondered why your virtual(虚拟的)home helper doesn't understand your questions? Or why your navigation app took you on the side street instead of the highway? In a study published April 21st in the journal iScience, Italian researchers, Arianna Pipitone and Antonio Chella, designed a robot that “thinks out loud”. To explore how inner speech might influence a robot's actions, the researchers built a robot called Pepper that speaks to itself. It has the ability to reason and think. They then asked people to set the dinner table with Pepper according to etiquette(礼仪)rules. In one experiment, the user asked Pepper to lay the napkin at the wrong place, going against the rules. Pepper started asking itself a series of self-directed questions and concluded that the user might be mistaken. To be sure, Pepper confirmed the user's order, which led to further inner speech. 　　“Ehm, this situation troubles me. I would never break the rules, but I can't make the user unhappy, so I'm doing what he wants,” Pepper said to itself, laying the napkin where it was required to be. Through Pepper's inner voice, the user can learn Pepper was facing a difficult situation and solved it by prioritizing the user's order. Comparing Pepper's actions with and without inner speech, Pipitone and Chella discovered the robot had a higher task-completion rate when having self-dialogue. However, some people find the robot spends more time completing tasks when it talks to itself. The robot's inner speech is also limited to the knowledge that researchers gave it. Pepper's designers still say their work provides a framework(构架)to further explore how self-dialogue can help robots focus, plan, and learn. “In some ways, we are creating a generational(世代的)robot that likes to chat. From navigation apps and the camera on your phone to medical robots in the operation rooms, machines and computers alike can take advantage of this chatty feature,” says Chella. 1.Why does the writer ask two questions at the very beginning of the passage? A.To draw the reader's attention to the topic. B.To show the writer likes electronic products. C.To tell the reader about the history of robots. D.To prove the writer often faces trouble in life. 2.Why was Pepper asked to lay the napkin at the wrong place? A.To see how much time Pepper spent laying the napkin. B.To confirm how popular Pepper was among its users. C.To test how many etiquette rules Pepper remembered. D.To study how self-dialogue might influence Pepper's actions. 3.What does the underlined word “prioritizing” in Paragraph 3 mean? A.repeating B.dealing with...first C.going against D.complaining about 4.What can we infer from the passage? A.The designers are proud of their work about Pepper. B.Pepper has already been in use in the operation rooms. C.Pepper's inner speech depends on its user's communication skills. D.With or without inner speech, Pepper could complete a task equally well. 答案　 [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了机器人Pepper的优点以及局限性。最后探讨了机器人这种自我对话功能的发展方向。 1.A　推理判断题。本文开头问的两个问题是大家可能遇到的问题,这样能很容易将读者的注意力吸引到主题上来。故答案为A。 2.D　细节理解题。由第二段开头一句话及下面的试验可知,Pepper被要求把餐巾纸放到错误的地方是为了研究自我对话功能是如何影响Pepper的行动的。故答案为D。 3.B　词义猜测题。由第三段的“I would never break the rules,but...so I'm doing what he wants.”可知,Pepper收到错误的指令后会优先服从用户的指令。所以推测prioritizing的意思为“优先处理”。故答案为B。 4.A　推理判断题。第四段“Comparing Pepper's actions...when having self-dialogue.”及最后一段介绍了Pepper的优点和好处。由此可推断设计者感到骄傲。故答案为A。 重点词汇　instead of 而不是;ability n.能力;conclude v.得出结论;take advantage of 利用 词汇积累　be limited to局限于 Passage 3(2021四川成都,B) 　　Tangchang,a town in Chengdu, is well-known for cloth shoes.With over 20 types,Tangchang cloth shoes are strong, comfortable,breathable and friendly to the environment. In 2018, they were added to Sichuan's intangible cultural heritage list(非物质文化遗产名录). 63-year-old Lai Shufang has spent over 40 years making Tangchang cloth shoes. Now she is a master. She said there are 32 steps to make a pair,but the most important step is making the soles. Layers(层) of white cloth are glued together with flour paste(糨糊).“To make good paste,we make it at a temperature of 85℃. If it's too low or too high, the paste will not work,”Lai said. Then the pasted layers are dried and cut into different shapes. After this, the layered cloth is beaten again and again until it is tight(紧实的) enough to make soles and upper parts. The next step is to shape the two parts and glue them together. But still the soles' edges look fluffy. Through repeated polishing and trimming, the fluffy edges(毛边) will become smooth. Then the cloth shoes are ready. 　　 Lai's hard work touched her son Ai Peng. In 2015,Ai decided to leave his job and help his mother. He used Shu embroidery to make the shoes look more beautiful and opened a cloth shoe store online. He also set up shop windows to show the steps of making shoes,helping more people learn about the art of cloth shoes. 1.What is the most important step in making Tangchang cloth shoes according to Ms. Lai? A.Making the soles. B.Making the upper parts. C.Making good flour paste. 2.What is the correct order of the following steps of making Tangchang cloth shoes? ①beating the layered cloth ②making flour paste at an exact temperature ③gluing the upper parts and the soles together A.③②①　　B.②③①　　C.②①③ 3.How many things has Lai's son done to make the cloth shoes more popular? A.Two.　　B.Three.　　C.Four. 4.Which of the following questions is answered in the passage? A.What are the features of Tangchang cloth shoes? B.When did Ms. Lai become a master of cloth shoes? C.What's the most important material in making cloth shoes? 5.What is the best title for this passage? A.A Talented Shoemaker, Lai Shufang B.Hand-made Cloth Shoes in Tangchang C.Tangchang, a Well-known Town in Chengdu 答案　 [语篇解读]　这是一篇说明文,介绍了成都的唐昌布鞋。 1.A　细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句She said there are 32 steps to make a pair, but the most important step is making the soles. (她说,做一双鞋有32个步骤,但最重要的步骤是做鞋底。)可知A项正确。 2.C　细节理解题。文章第三段介绍了布鞋的制作过程,其中making flour paste at an exact temperature“用合适的温度做糨糊”是第一步;beating the layered cloth“打布壳”是第二步;gluing the upper parts and the soles together“把鞋帮和鞋底粘到一起”是第三步。故C项正确。 3.B　细节理解题。根据第四段可知,赖淑芳的儿子为推广唐昌布鞋,用蜀绣使鞋子看起来更漂亮,并在网上开了一家布鞋店。他还设置了商店橱窗,展示制鞋的步骤,帮助更多的人了解布鞋的艺术。故B项正确。 4.A　细节理解题。选项A:唐昌布鞋的特点是什么?选项B:赖女士什么时候成了制作唐昌布鞋的大师?选项C:制作唐昌布鞋最重要的材料是什么?文章第二段、第三段介绍了唐昌布鞋的特点及制作工艺。B项和C项均未提及。故A项正确。 5.B　主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了唐昌的手工布鞋。故B项正确。 重点词汇　set up 成立,建立;spend+时间+doing sth.花费时间做某事 Passage 4(2021江苏连云港,D) 　　You might have seen beautiful rainbows in the sky before. They form when sunlight falls on water drops in the air. But in fact,moonlight can also create rainbows in the same way. They are called “moonbows”. They are similar to rainbows, but they are created by moonlight instead of direct sunlight. Moonbows are rarer than rainbows.Different weather and astronomical(天文学的) conditions have to be just right for moonbows to be created. The moon has to be very low in the sky—only 42 degrees from the horizon(地平线). The moon period has to be a full moon or nearly full. The sky must be very dark for a moonbow to be watched clearly—any bright light can obscure it. Water drops must appear in the air in the opposite direction of the moon. Moonbows appear on the opposite side of the moon and usually look white to the human eye.This is because their colors are not bright enough to be noticed by the human eye. It is possible, however, to view the colors in a moonbow using long exposure(长时间曝光) photography. Moonbows more often appear in some locations around the world. Most of these locations usually have waterfalls, which create thin fog in the air. Some of these locations are the Yosemite National Park in California and Cumberland Falls State Resort Park in Kentucky,US;Victoria Falls on the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe;and Waimea in Hawaii, US. Moonbows do really happen. So at a certain time and a certain place, when a moonbow happens to appear, you can't miss it if you're right there. 1.According to the first two paragraphs, moonbows are　　　.  A.created by sunlight B.much easier to find C.seen during the day D.more difficult to form 2.Which of the following can be the conditions for a moonbow to form? A.A half moon hangs high in the bright sky. B.A full moon is 50 degrees from the horizon. C.A nearly full moon hangs low in the dark sky. D.Water drops are in the opposite direction of the sun. 3.What does the underlined word “obscure” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A.cover　　B.drop C.connect　　D.produce 4.What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A.Conditions of moonbows. B.Background of moonbows. C.Locations of moonbows. D.Development of moonbows. 答案　 [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文,介绍了月虹这种非常罕见的自然现象。 1.D　细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句They are similar to rainbows, but they are created by moonlight instead of direct sunlight.可知,A、C两项错误;根据第二段第一句Moonbows are rarer than rainbows.可知B项错误。根据第二段第二句Different weather and astronomical conditions have to be just right for moonbows to be created.可知,月虹的形成需要各种天气因素和天文学的条件的配合,是更难形成的。故选D。 2.C　细节理解题。根据第三段可知,月虹的出现需要满足以下条件:月亮要很低——离地平线42°左右;月亮是满月或接近满月;天空必须很暗;与月亮相对的地方要有水滴。因此在C项所述的情况下月虹有可能形成。故选C。 3.A　词义猜测题。根据上文The sky must be very dark for a moonbow to be watched clearly可知,明亮的光会遮盖住月虹。故选A。 4.C　段落大意题。根据第五段第一句Moonbows more often appear in some locations around the world.可知,本段主要讲述月虹出现的地点。故选C。 Passage 5(2021山东潍坊,C) 　　Everything is made of something. Nothing is made of nothing. Chemistry is about the smallest things that other bigger things are made of, and what happens when they change. The word chemistry comes from chemical, which is an example of one type of the very small things that other bigger things are made of. The words you are reading now are made of a dark liquid called ink(墨水), which is written on paper. The paper itself is made out of the chemicals that wood is made out of. Both the ink and the paper were made by different chemical processes. A chemical process is what happens when chemicals come together to make other chemicals, and therefore other things. Cooking makes chemical changes. Your different ingredients are made of different chemicals, and when you put them together and make them hot and cook them, the chemicals change into new chemicals and the different ingredients make something new. That tomato sauce you're making is made of tomatoes, onions, garlic, salt and pepper. Those ingredients each have their own chemicals and their own flavors, but now with your sauce you've made something different, something that has its own flavor, all the ingredients mixed together, all the chemicals mixed together, something new. You can smell the chemical changes, too, as they go up into your nose, especially when you forget about your sauce and it doesn't just cook but burns and becomes black and has a really bad flavor. You can't make it better, either, because once chemicals change, they can't be changed back again. 1.What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A.Chemistry.　　B.Chemical. C.The smallest things.　　D.The bigger things. 2.What is a chemical process? A.Ink is written on paper. B.Paper is made out of wood. C.Everything is made of something. D.Things mixed together produce something new. 3.What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A.How to make tomato sauce. B.What to use to form new things. C.Ingredients and their own flavors. D.Chemical changes in cooking food. 4.Which might be the best title for the text? A.What chemistry is like B.Chemistry changes everything C.Where the word chemistry comes from D.A chemical process is called chemistry 答案　 [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了化学的相关知识。 1.C　词义猜测题。根据第二段第一句...the smallest things that...可知,此处they指的是最小物质。故答案选C。 2.D　细节理解题。由第二段最后一句可知,化学过程是指不同的化学品结合在一起,生成新物质的过程。故答案选D。 3.D　段落大意题。由第三段首句及下文制作番茄酱的例子可知,第三段主要讲述烹饪中的化学变化。故答案选D。 4.A　标题归纳题。本文主要讲述化学的相关知识。故答案选A。 长难句　A chemical process is what happens when chemicals come together to make other chemicals, and therefore other things.化学过程是指化学品结合在一起形成其他化学品,从而形成其他物质的过程。 本句为主从复合句。what引导表语从句,说明主语的具体内容。 重点词汇　therefore adv.因此;flavor n.味道;mix v.混合;especially adv.尤其;come from 来自 词汇积累　chemical n.化学制品,化学品;ingredient n.成分,(烹调的)原料 Passage 6(2021陕西,B) 　　Look at the Earth from space. Why does our planet look so blue? It's blue because water covers almost three quarters of the Earth's surface. Water is not just an important part of our planet. It is an important part of our body, too. More than half of our total body weight is water. Our body loses water whenever we exercise or go to the toilet. That's why we need to drink plenty of water every