100条阅读难句.pdf

www.TopwayE第一篇高频语法与难句归纳第一章 非谓语动词结构第一节常见考点突破一、非谓语动词的概念不能作谓语的动词形式就是非谓语动词袁主要有以下三大类院分词尧不定式和动名词遥非谓语动词可以充当多种成分袁如院主语尧宾语尧表语尧定语尧状语尧宾语补足语等遥 下面我们将从句法功能入手来分析这三大类非谓语动词遥二、非谓语动词的三大类型1.分词分词有两类袁即现在分词和过去分词遥从意义上来说袁现在分词主要表示主动或进行状态曰过去分词则体现被动或完成状态遥 分词在句中可作多种成分院淤分词作定语遥 例如院Trucks and buses were driven on gas carried in large bags on the roof.渊在该句中袁gas 后紧跟一个过去分词结构作其后置定语袁表示一种被动状态袁说明 gas 是被如何运输的遥 冤The girl standing there was crying.渊在该句中袁standing there 作 The girl 的后置定语袁且使用现在分词形式表主动遥 冤于分词作状语遥 例如院He glanced over at her,noting that though she was tiny,she seemed very well put together.渊在该句中袁逗号后紧跟一个 noting 引导的分词结构袁作 glanced over at her 的伴随状语袁表示同时进行的动作遥 冤He fired,killing one of the passers鄄by.渊在该句中袁killing.引导一个现在分词结构袁作 fired 的结果状语遥 冤Being tired with the work,he sat down to rest.渊在该句中袁分词结构 Being tired with the work 作原因状语袁提前说明后续动作的原因遥 冤2.不定式不定式由野to+动词原形冶构成袁具有动词的特征袁同时也有名词尧形容词和副词的特征袁具体属于哪个特征应视所处语境而定遥淤不定式作目的状语遥 例如院He sent his daughter to America to learn English.渊在该句中袁不定式 to learn English 作状语袁说明去美国的目的遥 冤于不定式作宾语补足语遥 例如院We believe him to be guilty.渊在该句中袁不定式 to be guilty 作 him 的宾语补足语遥 冤盂不定式作后置定语遥 例如院The topic to be discussed at the meeting is still unknown.渊在该句中袁不定式 to be discussed 作 topic 的后置定语遥 冤榆不定式作主语遥 例如院To know oneself is difficult.渊在该句中袁不定式 To know oneself 作句子的主语遥 冤虞不定式作表语遥 例如院My work is to clean the room every day.渊该句为野主语+系动词+表语冶结构袁不定式 to clean the room作表语遥 冤3.动名词动名词在形式上与现在分词相同袁都是在动词原形的词末加鄄ing袁但其表达的动作意义不如现在分词强袁因为动名词已经将动作名词化了袁从某种意义上说袁动名词就相当于名词尧代词了遥淤动名词作主语遥 例如院It蒺s necessary to be prepared for a job interview;having the answers ready will be of great help.渊在该句中袁动名词结构 having the answers ready 充当后一分句的主语遥 冤于动名词作表语遥 例如院Her job was washing clothes.渊该句为主系表句型袁washing clothes 是动名词结构袁用作表语遥 冤盂动名词作宾语遥 例如院1www.TopwayEI avoid telling Jane the truth because I knew she would be angry.渊动名词结构 telling Jane the truth 在句中充当 avoid 的宾语袁说明 avoid 的内容遥 冤榆动名词作定语遥 例如院A sleeping car渊表示野卧铺车冶袁sleeping 表示 car 的功能曰sleeping 是动名词作定语遥 冤试区分院A sleeping dog渊表示野睡觉的狗冶袁sleeping 是 dog 的动作曰sleeping 是现在分词作定语遥 冤第二节真题难句荟萃分 词1.Primary care physicians who refuse to compromise quality are either driven out of business or to cash鄄onlypractices,further contributing to the decline of primary care.(09.12 Passage 2)结构分析 主干院.physicians.are either driven out of business or to(cash鄄only)practices.淤either.or.并列连接两个介词词组 out of business 和 to cash鄄only practices袁接在 driven 之后遥于句子主语physicians 有前置定语 primary care 和 who 引导的定语从句修饰遥句末的现在分词短语 contributing.作状语袁表示伴随 are driven.而来的结果遥译文 不愿降低服务质量的初级护理医生要么被迫停业袁要么提供只收现金的服务袁这进一步加剧了初级护理服务的下滑遥2.Ultimately we must get a handle on those issues as well,or a creature that outlived the dinosaurs will meetits end at the hands of humans,leaving our descendants to wonder how a creature so ugly could have won somuch affection.(09.6 Passage 1)结构分析 主干院.we must get a handle(on.)or a creature.will meet its end.淤本句是由 or 连接的并列句袁or 表示野否则袁要不然冶遥 于前一分句中袁get a handle on 表示野开始理解或了解冶曰后一分句中袁主语 a creature 后有一个 that 引导的定语从句修饰袁outlive野比噎噎更长寿冶袁现在分词短语leaving 作状语袁表示谓语野meet its end渊玩完冤冶所造成的后果遥 leave.to.中的不定式 to wonder 作 ourdescendants 的补语袁wonder 后接了一个 how 引导的宾语从句遥译文 最终我们也一定要解决这个问题袁否则这些比恐龙幸存时间还长的生物就将在人类的手上灭绝袁到时我们的后代可能会好奇袁为什么如此丑陋的生物居然能够获得那么多的关爱遥3.With the dollar slumping to a 26鄄year low against the pound,already鄄expensive London has become quiteunaffordable.(08.6 Passage 1)结构分析 主干院.London has become(quite)unaffordable.这是个简单句袁句首的野with+宾语渊the dollar冤+宾补渊slumping to.冤冶作状语袁表示原因遥 野美元兑英镑跌到了26 年来的最低点遥 冶译文 随着美元兑换英镑跌至 26 年来的最低袁原本已经很昂贵的伦敦变得让人去不起了遥4.We see our kids蒺 college background as a prize demonstrating how well we蒺ve raised them.(08.6 Passage 2)结构分析 主干院We see.background as a prize.谓语部分用了 see.as.的句型袁表示野把噎噎看做噎噎冶袁as 引导的介词短语作宾语补足语遥 现在分词短语demonstrating 作后置定语修饰 a prize袁how 引导的从句作 demonstrating 的宾语遥译文 我们把子女的大学教育背景当成是证明我们如何成功养育子女的奖品遥5.As someone paid to serve food to people,I had customers say and do things to me I suspect they蒺d neversay or do to their most casual acquaintances.(07.12 Passage 1)结构分析 主干院.I had customers say and do.淤句首的 as 是介词袁其宾语 someone 后有一个过去分词短语 paid to.修饰袁一起表示野作为一个别人付款请我给他们上菜的人冶袁其实就是野作为一个服务员冶袁在句中作状语遥 于谓语部分用了 have.do.的句型袁表示野请/让某人做某事冶袁省略 to 的不定式 say and do 在句中作宾语 customers 的补语曰I suspect they蒺d.是省略关系词的定语从句袁修饰 things遥 该定语从句本身是个野I suspect+宾语从句冶的结构遥译文 作为一个拿别人的钱尧侍侯别人吃饭的人袁有些顾客对我说过一些话尧做过一些事要要要我想袁哪怕是对最随便的熟人袁他们也都不会说出这样的话尧做出这样的事的遥6.One night a man talking on his cell phone waved me away,then beckoned me back with his finger aminute later,complaining he was ready to order and asking where I蒺d been.(07.12 Passage 1)2www.TopwayE结构分析 主干院.a man.waved me away,then beckoned me back.淤句中袁由 then 连接两个谓语动词渊waved 和 beckoned冤构成复合谓语遥 主语 a man 后有一个现在分词短语talking.作定语遥 于第二个谓语动词 beckoned 带有三个状语袁一个是表示工具的 with 引导的介词短语袁另两个是个是表示伴随状况的现在分词短语 complaining.和 asking.袁而且这两个现在分词都有自己的宾语从句遥译文 一天晚上袁一个顾客用手机通话时袁挥手让我走开袁一分钟后又用手指示意我回来袁并抱怨说他已经准备好点菜了袁问我刚才上哪儿去了遥7.One might well imagine little girls using exceedingly polite forms when playing house or imitating olderwomen要in a fashion analogous to little girls蒺 use of a high鄄pitched voice to do 野teacher talk冶 or 野mother talk冶in role play.(07.6 Passage 2)结构分析 主干院One might(well)imagine little girls(using.)淤本句是个简单句袁用了野imagine+补语渊人冤+doing冶的句型袁句中的 using.forms 作宾语 little girls 的补语遥 于现在分词 playing 和 imitating 由 or 并列连接袁前面带了连词 when袁相当于省略形式的时间状语从句袁两个分词作 using 的状语曰破折号后的介词短语是 using 的方式状语袁analogous to.是形容词短语作后置定语袁修饰 fashion遥译文 完全可以想象一下小姑娘在玩过家家或模仿年长女性时使用非常礼貌的敬语的情况要要要类似于小姑娘尖声尖气扮演老师或者妈妈说话的腔调遥8.As a visiting professor at the Harvard Business School in 1989,he ended his work there disgusted with hisstudents蒺 overwhelming lust for money.(06.12 Passage 2)结构分析 主干院he ended his work.句首的介词短语 as.作状语袁表示身份袁visiting professor 即野客座教授冶遥句末的 disgusted with渊对噎噎深恶痛绝冤是过去分词短语袁作状语袁可表示伴随情形遥 overwhelming lust for money野对金钱的强烈欲望冶遥译文 他于 1989 年在哈佛商学院担任客座教授袁后来由于厌恶自己的学生对金钱的狂热贪欲而终止了那里的工作遥9.Meanwhile,most children are vulnerable to the enormous influence exerted by grandchildless parents aimingto persuade their kids to produce children.(06.1 Passage 1)结构分析 主干院.most children are vulnerable(to.)本句是个简单句袁谓语部分用了 be vulnerable to.短语袁to 是介词袁后接名词 influence 作宾语遥 exerted 是过去分词袁作 influence 的后置定语曰aiming 是现在分词袁作 parents 的后置定语遥 exert influence野施加影响冶遥译文 同时袁在他们父母的巨大影响下袁绝大部分的子女很容易被说服生育孩子遥10.This isn蒺t the stuff of gloomy philosophical contemplations,but a fact of Europe蒺s new economic landscape,embraced by sociologists,real鄄estate developers and ad executives alike.(05.6 Passage 1)结构分析 主干院This isn蒺t the stuff.,but a fact.not.but.连接两个并列的名词词组袁在句中作表语遥两个词组都有相应的修饰成分袁修饰 stuff 的是 of 介词短语曰修饰 fact 的既有 of 介词短语袁还有过去分词短语 embraced.遥译文 这并不是悲观的哲学沉思的东西袁而是社会学家尧房地产开发商和广告主管都欣然接受的欧洲新的经济现象中的一个事实遥不定式11.Remove the pressure for primary care physicians to squeeze in more patients per hour,and reward them foroptimally managing their diseases and practicing evidence鄄based medicine.(09.12 Passage 2)结构分析 主干院Remove the pressure.and reward them for.淤本句由 and 并列连接的两个祈使句构成遥 于前一个祈使句中袁不定式短语 to squeeze.渊往每个小时的时间里塞更多的病人冤作定语袁修饰 the pressure袁该不定式的逻辑主语由 for 引导遥后一个祈使句中袁介词 for.表示原因袁后面接了两个动名词短语 managing.和 practicing.遥译文 要解除初级护理医生在单位时间内多看病人的压力袁并对那些能很好控制疾病和实践循证医疗的医生给予嘉奖遥12.But economists say families about to go into debt to fund four years of partying,as well as studying,canconsole themselves with the knowledge that college is an investment that,unlike many bank stocks,should yieldhuge dividends.(09.6 Passage 2)结构分析 主干院.economists say(families.can console themselves with.)淤say 后面的内容都是 say 的宾语遥该宾语从句的主语是 families袁其后有一个不定式短语 to go.修饰曰不定式3www.TopwayEto fund.作前一个不定式 to go into debt 的目的状语曰as well as 相当于一个并列连词袁 连接 partying 和studying遥于knowledge 后的 that 从句作其同位语袁说明野该知识冶的具体内容曰an investment 后的 that 引导的是定语从句袁从句的主语和谓语被插入成分 unlike.分隔开了遥译文 不过经济学家说大学是一项投资袁而且和许多银行股票不同的是袁这项投资可以带来巨大的红利袁打算举债来提供 4 年狂欢和学习资金的家庭在知道这一点之后可以有所安慰了遥13.Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economicgrowth,and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way theconcept is put to use.(08.12 Passage 1)结构分析 主干院Sustainable development is applied to just about everything.and.it has become difficult to ques鄄tion.淤and 连接两个并列的分句遥 于前一个分句用了 apply.to.句型的被动结构袁表示野渊人们冤把可持续发展渊的概念冤应用于几乎所有事情上冶袁to 的宾语是 everything袁后面有一个 from.to.的介词短语作 everything 的定语遥 盂后一个分句用野it+系动词+adj.+to do冶句型袁不定式作主语袁it 是形式主语曰动词 to question 有两个由either.or.引导的宾语 assumptions 和 way袁way 后面还有一个省略关系词的定语从句修饰遥译文 可持续发展几乎被应用在所有的事物上袁从能源尧洁净水到经济发展袁因此很难对其背后的基本假定和该理念的应用方式加以质疑遥14.We蒺re pushing our kids to get good grades,take SAT preparatory courses and build r佴sum佴s so they can getinto the college of our first choice.(08.6 Passage 2)结构分析 主干院We蒺re pushing our kids to.(so they can get into.)主句部分的三个并列的动词不定式渊to get.,take.and build.冤作宾语 our kids 的补语遥 so 引导目的状语从句袁说明野我们逼迫孩子冶做种种事情的目的遥译文 我们逼孩子考高分尧参加 SAT 考前辅导班尧写简历袁从而能让他们进入我们首选的学校遥15.Unfortunately,few of us have much experience dealing with the threat of terrorism,so it蒺s been difficult toget facts about how we should respond.(06.12 Passage 1)结构分析 主干院.few.have much experience.,so it蒺s been difficult to get.淤so 是个并列连词袁连接两个分句袁表示因果关系遥于前一个分句的谓语用了 have experience doing.句型袁表示野有做噎噎的经验冶遥 盂后一个分句用了野it is+形容词+不定式冶句型袁it 是形式主语袁真正的主语是不定式to get facts.曰句末的 about.是介词短语作定语修饰 facts袁about 的宾语是个 how 引导的名词性从句遥译文 不幸的是袁我们中很少人有对付恐怖主义威胁的经历袁因此很难得到我们应该如何应对恐怖威胁的事实遥16.By and large,I clearly had not found a way to help classes full of MBAs see that there is more to lifethan money,power,fame and self鄄interest.(06.12 Passage 2)结构分析 主干院.I.had not found a way.不定式 to help 作定语袁修饰 a way曰该不定式用了野help+宾语渊classes冤+补语渊省 to 的不定式冤冶的结构袁see 作补语遥 see 后接了一个 that 引导的宾语从句袁该从句是 there be 句型袁并用了比较结构遥译文 总的来说袁我显然并没有找到一种方法能够帮助满是 MBA 学生的班级意识到生活不仅仅是金钱尧权力尧名声和自我利益遥17.To defend their profits,the drug companies have warned Canadian wholesalers and pharmacies not to sell toAmericans by mail,and are cutting back supplies to those who dare.(06.6 Passage 2)结构分析 主干院.the drug companies have warned(Canadian)wholesalers and pharmacies not to.and arecutting back supplies.句首的不定式 to defend.作目的状语遥 句子含 and 连接两个并列的谓语动词构成的复合谓语遥 前一个谓语是warn.not to.,不定式 to sell 作宾语补足语遥译文 为了保护他们的利润袁医药公司已经警告加拿大的批发商和药房不要通过邮寄卖给美国人药品袁并切断那些敢卖药给美国人的批发商和药房的供货遥18.But an e鄄mail to the network from Janet Anderson,director of the EPA蒺s bio鄄pesticides division,says 野thereis no record of a review and/or clearance to field test冶 the organism.(05.6 Passage 2)结构分析 主干院.an email.says(there is no record.)淤主语 email 后有两个介词短语 to.from.说明该邮件的收件人和发送人袁在人名 Janet Anderson 之后还有一个说明其身份的插入语袁作同位语遥 于宾语从句用了 there be 句型袁主语是 no record袁后面的 of 介词短语为定语修饰语袁of 的宾语是 a review and/or clearance袁and/or 并列连接 review 和 clearance曰 句末的 to field4www.TopwayEtest the organism 是不定式短语袁作 review and/or clearance 的定语遥 review and clearance野审批冶遥译文 但是来自美国环境保护局生物杀虫剂部门主管珍妮特 窑 安德森发给生命科学网的一封电子邮件里说袁 没有对这种有机物进行现场试验的审批记录遥动名词19.Make primary care more attractive to medical students by forgiving student loans for those who chooseprimary care as a career and reconciling the marked difference between specialist and primary care physiciansalaries.(09.12 Passage 2)结构分析 主干院Make primary care more attractive.淤本句主干是个祈使句袁用了野make+宾语渊primary care冤+补语渊more attractive冤冶的句型遥 于介词短语 by.表示方式袁后面带了两个动名词短语 forgiving.和 reconciling.遥 forgive 的常用意思是野原谅冶袁句中则表示野豁免袁免除冶曰reconcile 表示野调和冶遥who 引导的定语从句修饰 those袁从句中用了 choose.as.的结构袁表示野选择噎噎做 渊职业冤冶遥 difference 后面有一个 between 引导的介词短语作定语袁between 的宾语是(specialist andprimary care physician)salaries袁也就是说袁salaries 有两个定语袁specialist 和 physician遥译文 免除选择做初级护理医生的学生的助学贷款袁调和专科医生和初级保健医生的工资差距袁以此吸引更多的医科学生选择初级护理工作遥20.Does going to Columbia University(tuition,room and board$49,260 in 2007鄄08)yield a 40%greater returnthan attending the University of Colorado at Boulder as an out鄄of鄄state student($35,542)?(09.6 Passage 2)结构分析 主干院Does going to.yield a.greater return than attending.?淤本句是简单疑问句袁比较句型袁两个动名词短语 going to.和 attending.进行比较袁这两个动名词都接了某个大学的名字作宾语袁所以主干的含义是院难道上 A 大学能比上 B 大学多出 40%的收益吗钥 yield a return野产生利益回报袁产生收益冶遥 于括号里的内容分别说明上两所大学的费用遥 句末 as 引导的介词短语作状语袁表示身份遥译文 难道去哥伦比亚大学渊2007鄄2008 年度的学费和食宿共计 49260 美元冤真的会比跨州在博尔德上科罗拉多大学渊2007鄄2008 年度学费和食宿共计 35542 美元冤多带来 40%的回报吗钥21.From offering classes that teach students how to legally manipulate contracts,to reinforcing the notion ofprofit over community interests,Etzioni has seen a lot that蒺s left him shaking his head.(06.12 Passage 2)结构分析 主干院(From.to.)Etzioni has seen a lot(that蒺s.)淤句首介词 from 后接动名词 offering 作宾语袁that 引导的从句作 classes 的定语曰逗号后的 to 也是介词袁接动名词 reinforcing 作宾语遥 这样袁from.to.的结构就很对称遥 于主句中的宾语是 a lot袁其后有一个 that蒺s.定语从句加以修饰曰leave him shaking.中袁shaking 作补语遥译文 从教授学生如何合法地篡改合同到强化把利润放到社团利益之上的观念袁Etzioni 看到很多令他摇头的地方遥5www.TopwayE第二章 定语从句第一节常见考点突破一、如何辨别定语从句1.定语从句的概念定语从句就是修饰主句里的名词或代词的从句袁本质上相当于野形容词冶遥2.构成成分淤 先行词定语从句通常置于所修饰的名词或代词等成分之后袁这种名词或代词就叫先行词遥于 关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词袁如 that,which,who,whom,whose,as 等袁代替具体的指代对象袁即先行词袁其中袁that 既能指人袁又能指物曰还有关系副词袁如 when,where,why,how 等袁代替的则不单单是先行词袁而是先行词和适当的介词遥3.定语从句的类型定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句遥大多数定语从句都对所修饰的名词或代词加以限制袁去掉该从句后先行词将意义不全或失去意义遥 而非限制性定语从句的作用在于补充袁翻译时常常另起一个句子袁与主句构成并列句遥 例如院That蒺s the same man that asked for help the day before yesterday.渊关系代词 that 指代先行词 the same man袁引导一个限制性定语从句袁对 the same man 进行具体说明遥 冤The day when she arrived was cloudy and chilly.渊关系副词 when 相当于 on which袁 引导一个限制性定语从句袁对 The day 加以限制和修饰遥 冤Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture,which may not be altogether elevating but is hardlypoisonous.渊which 引导的非限制性定语从句袁修饰前面的 culture袁补充说明这种共同文化的特点遥 冤译文 移民很快就融入了这种共同的文化袁总体而言这种文化称不上高尚袁但也算不上有毒遥二、捕捉先行词先行词的位置可以紧靠着关系词袁也可能与关系词之间隔着其他的成分袁这时就需要慎重甄别先行词了遥例如院As a linguist,he acknowledges that all varieties of human language,including non鄄standard ones like BlackEnglish,can be powerfully expressive要there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot conveycomplex ideas.渊句中的定语从句 that cannot convey complex ideas 修饰的是 language or dialect袁 而并非紧靠着它的 the world遥 冤三、关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语尧宾语尧定语等袁关系副词在定语从句中只用作状语遥 例如院A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.He came last night when I was out.在上述第一个句子中袁关系代词 whose 在从句中用作定语曰而在第二个句子中袁关系副词 when 在定语从句中用作状语遥四、定语从句与同位语从句的区别1.同位语从句的形式与定语从句相似袁它们之前都有先行词袁但与先行词的关系有所不同院同位语从句与先行词同位或等同袁定语从句与先行词则是修饰关系遥2.在定语从句中袁关系词要代替先行词在从句中作适当的句子成分曰而同位语从句的引导词则只起引导作用袁没有代替前面名词在从句中作句子成分的作用遥试比较以下两个句子院The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.The fact that you are talking about is important.上述第一个句子包含一个由 that 引导的同位语从句袁对 fact 的具体内容做出说明袁这个 that 只是起引导作用袁并不能代替 fact 在从句中作句子成分曰 而在第二个句子中袁that you are talking about 则作为定语从句对 The fact6www.TopwayE做出限制和修饰袁这个 that 在从句中作 talking about 的宾语遥第二节真题难句荟萃22.Since December,when the report came out,the mayor,neighborhood activists and various parent鄄teacherassociations have engaged in a fierce battle over its validity:over the guilt of the steel鄄casting factory on thewestern edge of town,over union jobs versus children蒺s health and over what,if anything,ought to be done.(09.12 Passage 1)结构分析 主干院.the mayor,.associations have engaged in a.battle(over.)淤谓语用了现在完成时袁与句首 since 引导的时间状语搭配遥 when 引导非限制性定语从句袁修饰 December渊注意袁 不是时间状语从句冤遥 于句子的主语是一个名词词组袁 含三个中心名词 渊mayor,activists,associations冤遥validity 是野有效性袁正确性冶袁冒号后的内容渊三个并列的 over.短语冤进一步做了详细的说明袁可以把冒号后的内容看做是 over its validity 的同位成分遥译文 自从 12 月份报告发布以来袁市长尧社区活跃分子和各家长教师协会就这份报告的正确性进行了激烈的争论院争论城市西郊铸钢工厂是否有责任袁争论工会保护职工工作与儿童的健康之间的矛盾袁争论应该采取什么样的措施渊如果要采取措施的话冤遥23.But Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness,and a report by the Fish and Wildlife Service showeda worrisome drop in the populations of several s