2016年考研英语(二）真题.pdf

2015 年全国硕士研究生年全国硕士研究生招生招生考试英语（考试英语（二二）试题）试题Section Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and markA,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Happy people work differently.Theyre more productive,more creative,and willing to takegreat risks.And a new research suggests that happiness might influence 1 firms work,too.Companies located in places with happier people invest more,according to a recent researchpaper.2 firms in happy places spend more on R&D(research and development).Thats becausehappiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking 3 for making investment for the future.The researchers wanted to know of the 4 and inclination for risk-taking that come withhappiness would 5 the way companies invested.So they compared U.S.cities average happiness6 by Gallup polling with investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.7 enough,firms investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of thearea in which they were 8.But is it really happiness thats linked to investment,or couldsomething else about happier cities 9 why firms there spend more on R&D?To find out,theresearchers controlled for various 10 that might make firms more likely to invest-like size,industry and sales-and for indicators that a place was 11 to live in,like growth in wages orpopulation.The like between happiness and investment generally 12 even after according for thesethings.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms,which the authors 13 to“less codified decision making process”and the possible presence of“younger and less 14 managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.”Therelationship was 15 stronger in places where most people are relatively happy,rather than inplaces with happiness in equality.17 this doesnt prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view,the authors believe it at least 18 at that possibility.Its not hard to imagine that local culture andsentiment would help 19 how executives think about the future.“it surely seems plausible thathappy people would be more forward thinking and creative and 20 R&D more than the average”said one researcher.1.A whereB howC whyD when2.A In returnB In particularC In contrastD In conclusion3.A sufficientB famousC perfectD necessary4.A individualismB realismC optimismD modernism5.A echoB missC spoilD change6.A imaginedB assumedC measuredD invented7.A SureB OddC UnfortunateD Often8.A headquarteredB advertisedC overtaxedD divided9.A overstateB summarizeC explainD emphasize10.A factorsB stagesC levelsD methods11.A desirableB reliableC sociableD reputable12.A resumedB heldC emergedD broke13.A assignB attributeC transferD compare14.A seriousB experiencedC ambitiousD civilized15.AthusB insteadC alsoD never16.A rapidlyB directlyC regularlyD equally17.A WhileB SinceC AfterD Until18.A arrivesB jumpsC hintsD strikes19.A shareB simplifyC rediscoverDshape20.Apray forBgive awayC send outDlean towardSection Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C，or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Its true that high-school coding classes arent essential for learning computer science in college.Students experience can catch up after a few introductory courses.Said Tom Cortina,the assistantdean at camegie Mellons school of computer science.However,Cortina said,every exposure is beneficial.When younger kids learn computer science.They learn that its not just a confusing,endless string of letters and numbers-but a tool to buildapps,or create artwork or test hypotheses.Its not as hard for them to transform their thoughtprocesses as it is for older students.Breaking down problems into bite-sized dunks and usingcode to solve them becomes normal.Giving more children this training could increase the numberof people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap,Cortina said.Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college,whereintroductory computer science classes are packed to the brim,which can drive the less-experienced or determined students saw the Flatirm school,where people pay to learnprogramming,students one of the many coding boot camps thats become popular for audltslooking for a career change.The high schoolers get the same carriculom,but”we try to gearlesons toward things theyre interested in,”said Victoria Fridman,an instructors.For instance,oneof the apps the students are developing suggests maies lasted on your noodll.The student in the Flatiron class probably wont chop of high school and build the nextfacebook.Programming Languages have a quick turnover,so the Rugy on Rails language theylearned may not even be relevant by the time they entern the job market.But the skills theylearn-how to thind logically through a program and organize the results-apply to any cochrglanguage,for the state of North Caroline.Indeed,the Flatiron students might not go into it at all.But creating a future army codors is not thesdo purpose of the classes.These kids are garg to be surrourded by by computers-in the pockets inthere officies,in their homes-for the rest of their livesthe younger they learn how computer think,how to coax the machine into produry what the want-the earlier the learn that they have thepowerto do that-the better.21.Corna holds that early exposure to comlator science markets it easier to _.A.compete future job trainingB.remode the way of thinkingC.for malate logical hypotiiesesD.perfect artwork production22.In delivering lessons for high-schools,Flatiron has considered their_.A.experienceB.academic backgrondsC.career prospectsD.interest.23.Peborah Seehorn believe that the skills learned that Flation will.A.help students learn other computer languagesB.have to be up graded when how technologies comeC.need improving when students look for jobsD.enable students to make big quick money24.According to the last paragrarh,Flation students are expected toA.complete with a future army of programmersB.stay longer in the information technology industryC.become better prepared for the digitalized worldD.bring fath innovative computer technologies25.The word“coax”(line 4,para 6)is cloest in meaningsA.challengeB.persuadeC.frightenD.misguideText 2Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens-a kind of bird living onstretching grasslands-once lent red to the often grey landscape of the mid-western andsouthwestern United States.But just some 22,000 birds remain today,occupying about 16%of thespecieshistoric range.The crash was a major reason the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service(USFWS)decided toformally list the bird as threatened.“The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation,”saidUSFWS Director Daniel Ashe.Some environmentalists,however,were disappointed.They hadpushed the agency to designate the bird as“endangered,”a status that gives federal officialsgreater regulatory power to crack down on threats.But Ashe and others argued that the“threatened”tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new,potentially lessconfrontational conservation approaches.In particular,they called for forging closer collaborationswith western stata governments,which are often uneasy with federal action,and with the privatelandowners who control an estimated 95%of the prairie chiekens habitat.Under the plan,for example,the agency said it would not prosecute landowners or businessesthat unintentionally kill,harm,or disturb the bird as long as they had signed a range-widemanagement plan to restore prairie chicken habitat.Negotiated by USFWS and the states,the planrequires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into afund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat.The fund will also beused to compensate landowners who set aside habitat.USFWS also set an interim goal of restoringprairie chicken populations to an annual average of 67,000 birds over the next 10 years.And itgives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies(WAFWA),a coalition of stateagencies,the job of monitoring progress.Overall,the idea is to let“states remain in the driversseat for managing the species,”Ashe said.Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric.Some Congress members are trying to block the plan,and at least a dozen industry groups,four states,and three environmental groups are challenging itin federal court.Not surprisingly,industry groups and states generally argue it goes too far;environmentalists say it doesnt go far enough.”The federal government is giving responsibilityfor managine the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,”says biologist JayLininger.26.The major reason for listing the lesser prairie chicken as threatened is _A the insistence of private landownersB the underestimate of the grassland acreageC a desperate appeal from some biologistsD its drastically decreased population27.The“threatened”tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it _A was a give-in to governmental pressureB would involve fewer regulatory powersC granted less federal regulatory powersD went against conservation policies28.It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that unintentional harm-doers will be prosecuted if they _A agree to pay a sun for compensationB volunteer to set up an equally big habitatC offer to support the WAFWAmonitoring jobD promise to raise funds for USFWS operations29.According to Ashe,the leading role in managing the species is _A the federal governmentB the wildlife agenciesC the landownersD the states30.Jay Lininger would most likely support _A the plan under challengeB the win-win rhetoricC environmental groupsD industry groupsText 3That everyones too busy these days is a clich.But one specific complaint is made especiallymournfully:Theres never any time to read.What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques dont seemsufficient.The webs full of articles offering tips on making time to read;“Give up TV”or“Carrya book with you at all times.”But in my experience,using such methods to free up the odd 30minutes doesnt work.Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinningor else youre so exhausted that a challenging books the last thing you need.The modern mind,Tim Parks,a novelist and critic,writes,“is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication Itis not simply that one is interrupted;it is that one is actually inclined to interruption.”Deepreading requires not just time,but a special kind of time which cant be obtained merely bybecoming more efficient.In fact,becoming more efficientis part of the problem.Thinking of time as a resource to bemaximised means you approach it instrumentally,judging any given moment as well spent only inso far as it advances progress toward some goal.Immersive reading,by contrast,depands on beingwilling to risk inefficiency,goallessness,even time-wasting.Try to slot it in as a to-do list item andyoull manage only goal-focused reading-useful,sometimes but not the most fulfilling kind.Thefuture comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyorbelt,writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time,andwe feel a pressure to fill thesedifferent-sized bottles(days,hours,minutes)as they pass,for if they get by without being filled,wewill have wasted them.No mind-set could be worse for losing yourslef in a bookSo what does work?Perhaps surprisingly,scheduling regular times for reading.Youd think thismight fuel the efficiency mind-set,but in fact,Eberle notes,such ritualistic behavior helps us“stepoutside times flow”into“soul time.”You could limit distractions by reading only physicalbooks,or on single-purpose e-readers,”carry a book with you at all times”can actuallywork,too-providing you dip in often enough,so that reading becomes the default state from whichyou temporarily surface to take care of business,before dropping back down.On a really goodday,it no longer feels as if youre“making time to read”,but just reading,and making time foreverything else.31.The usual time management techniques dont work becauseA what they can offerdoes not case the modern mindB what people often forget is carrying a book with themC what challenging books demand is repetitive readingD what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed32.The”empty bottles”metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure toA update their to-do listsB make passing time fulfillingC carry their plans throughD pursue carefree reading33.Fberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helpsA promote ritualistic readingB encourage the efficiency mind-setC develop online reading habitsD achieve immersive reading34.“Carry a book with you at all times”can work ifA reading becomes your primary business of the dayB all the daily business has been promptly dealt withC you are able to drop back to business after readingD time can be evenly split for reading and business35.The best title for this text could beA How to Enjoy Easy ReadingB How to Set Reading GoalsC How to Find Time to ReadD How to Read ExtensivelyText 4Against a backdrop of changesin economy and population structure youngest Americans aredrawing a new 21st-century road map to success,a latest poll has foundAcross generational linesAmericanscontinue to prize many of the same traditional milestonesof a successfullifeincluding getting married having children owning a home and retiring intheir sixtiesbut while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finishline offulfilling life they offer striking different paths for reaching itYoung people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritizepersonal fulfillment in their work,to believe they will advance their careers most by regularlychanging jobs,to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life,to agreethat couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children,and tomaintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home,the survey found.From career to community and family,these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searingGreat Recession,those just starting out in life are defining pro and expectations that willincreasingly spread through virtually all aspects ofAmerican life,from consumer preferences tohousing patterns to politics.Young and old converge on one key point:Overwhelming majorities of both groups said theybelieve it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations.While youngerpeople are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects forthose starting out today,big majorities in both groups believe those“just getting started in life”face a tougher climb than earlier generations in reaching such signpost achievements as securing agood-paying job,starting a famil