2015年英语一真题.pdf

版权所有版权所有翻印必究翻印必究1中公考研学员专用资料中公考研学员专用资料报名专线：报名专线：400-6300-966400-6300-9662015 年全国硕士研究生年全国硕士研究生招生招生考试英语（一）试题考试英语（一）试题Section Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on theANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Though not biologically related,friends are as related as fourth cousins,sharing about 1%of genes.That is 1 a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of theNationalAcademy of Sciences,has 2.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelatedfriends and unrelated strangers.The same people were used in both 5.While 1%may seem 6,it is not so to a geneticist.As co-author of the study James Fowler,professorof medical genetics at UC San Diego says,Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehowmanage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.The team also developed a friendship score which can predict who will be your friend based ontheir genes.The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes forimmunity.Why this similarity in smell genes is difficult to explain,for now.10,as the team suggests,itdraws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it.There could be many mechanisms working intandem that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 than functional kinship of being friends with14!One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 thanother genes.Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years,withsocial environment being a major 17 factor.The findings do not simply corroborate peoples 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds,saythe researchers.Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction,care wastaken to 20 that all subjects,friends and strangers were taken from the same population.The team alsocontrolled the data to check ancestry of subjects.1.AwhatBhowCwhyDwhen2.AdefendedB concludedC withdrawnDadvised3.A forB withC byD on4.A separatedB soughtC comparedD connected5.A testsB objectsCsamplesD examples6.A insignificantB unexpectedC unreliableD incredible7.A visitB missC knowD seek8.A surpassB influenceC favorD resemble9.A againB alsoC insteadD thus2中公考研学员专用资料中公考研学员专用资料版权所有 翻印必究10.A meanwhileBfurthermoreC likewiseD perhaps11.A aboutB toC fromD like12.A limitB observeC confuseD drive13.A according toB rather thanC regardless ofD along with14.A chancesB responsesC benefitsD missions15 A fasterB slowerC laterD earlier16A forecastB rememberC expressD understand17 A unpredictedB contributoryC controllableD disruptive18A tendencyB decisionC arrangementD endeavor19A politicalB religiousC ethnicD economic20A seeB showC proveD tellSection Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark youranswers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted kings dont abdicate,they die in their sleep.But embarrassingscandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat hiswords and stand down.So,dies the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days?Does thatmean the uniting is on the wall for all European royals,with their magnificent uniforms and majesticlifestyles?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy when public opinion isparticularly.Polarized,as it was following the end of the France regime,monarchs can rise above“mere”politics and“embody”a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads ofstates.And also,the Middle East expected,Europe is the most monarch-infested region is the world,with10 kingdoms(not counting Vatican City and Andorra).But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulfand Asia,most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for anon-controversial but respect public figure.Even so,kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside,symbolic of national unity as they claim tobe,their very historyand sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensibleprivileges and inequalities.At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising版权所有版权所有翻印必究翻印必究3中公考研学员专用资料中公考研学员专用资料报名专线：报名专线：400-6300-966400-6300-966inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth,it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic familiesshould still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic families should still be the symbolic heart ofmodern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocraticways.Prince and princess have day-jobs and ride bicycles,not horses(or helicopters).Even so,these arewealthy families who party with the international 1%,and media intrusiveness makes it increasinglydifficult to maintain the right image.While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to strive for some time to come,it is theBritish royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy reputation with her rather ordinary(if well-heeled)granny style.The danger will come with Charles,who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a prettyhierarchical view of the world.He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived becausethey provide a serviceas non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know thatas English history shows,it is kings of republicans,who are the monarchys worst enemies.21、according to the first two paragraphs,king Juan Carl of spainA used to enjoy high public supportB was unpopular among European royalsC ended his reign in embarrassmentD cased his relationship with his rivals22、monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostlyA owing to their undoubted and respectable statusB to achieve a balance between tradition and realityC to give voters more public figures to look up toD due to their everlasting political embodiment23.Which of the following is shown to be odd,according to Paragraph 4?AAristocratsexcessive reliance on inherited wealth.B The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.C The role of the nobility in modern democracies.D The nobilitys adherence to their privileges.24.The British royals“have most to fear”because CharlesA takes a tough line on political issues.B fails to change his lifestyle as advised.C takes republicans as his potential allies.D fails to adapt himself to his future role.25.Which of the following is the best title of the text?A Carlos,Glory and Disgrace CombinedB Carlos,a Lesson for All European MonarchsC Charles,Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsD Charles,Anxious to Succeed to the Throne4中公考研学员专用资料中公考研学员专用资料版权所有 翻印必究Text 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data?The Supreme Court will now considerwhether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around aperson during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the oldassumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.It ishard,the state argues,for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice.Enough of the implicationsare discernable,even obvious,so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police,lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of asmartphone-a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say,going through a suspects purse.Thecourt has ruled that police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet orpocketbook,of an arrestee without a warrant.But exploring ones smartphone is more like entering his orher home.A smartphone may contain an arrestees reading history,financial history,medical history andcomprehensive records of recent correspondence.The development of“cloud computing.”meanwhile,hasmade that exploration so much the easier.But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole.New,disruptive technologysometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections.Orin Kerr,a law professor,compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21stcentury with the establishment ofautomobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th:The justices had to specify novel rules for the newpersonal domain of the passenger car then;they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digitalinformation now.26.The Supreme Court,will work out whether,during an arrest,it is legitimate toA search for suspectsmobile phones without a warrant.B check suspectsphone contents without being authorized.C prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.D prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27.The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one ofA tolerance.B indifference.C disapproval.D cautiousness.28.The author believes that exploring ones phone content is comparable toA getting into ones residence.B handing ones historical records.C scanning ones correspondences.D going through ones wallet.版权所有版权所有翻印必究翻印必究5中公考研学员专用资料中公考研学员专用资料报名专线：报名专线：400-6300-966400-6300-96629.In Paragraph 5 and 6,the author shows his concern thatA principles are hard to be clearly expressed.B the court is giving police less room for action.C phones are used to store sensitive information.D citizensprivacy is not effective protected.30.Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate that(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.(C)Californias argument violates principles of the Constitution.(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.Text 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process,editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today.The policy follows similar efforts from other journals,after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility ofmany published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,”writes McNutt in aneditorial.Working with the American StatisticalAssociation,the journal has appointed seven experts to astatistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE).Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by thejournals internal editors,or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers.TheSBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change,McNutt said:“The creation of thestatistics boardwas motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis inscientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research wepublish.”Giovanni Parmigiani,a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health,a member of theSBoRE group,says he expects the board to“play primarily an advisory role.”He agreed to join because he“found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel,unique and likely to have a lastingimpact.This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself,but hopefully through alarger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis,a physician who studies research methodology,says that the policy is“a mostwelcome step forward”and“long overdue.”“Most journals are weak in statistical review,and thisdamages are quality of what they publish.I think that,for the majority of scientific papers nowadays,statistical review is more essential than expert review,”he says.But he noted that biomedical journals suchas Annals of Internal Medicine,the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet paystrong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data,but statistical errors are alarminglycommon in published research according to David Vaux a cell biologist.Researchers should improve their6中公考研学员专用资料中公考研学员专用资料版权所有 翻印必究standards,he wrote in 2012,but journals should also take a tougher line,“engaging reviewers who arestatistically literate and editors who can verify the process.”Vaux says that Sciences idea to pass somepapers to statisticians“has some merit,but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors toidentify the paper that need scrutinyin the first place.”31、It can be learned from Paragraph I thatA Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.Bjournals are strengthening their statistical checks.Cfew journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.Dlack of data analysis is common in research projects.32、The phrase“flagged up”(Para.2)is the closest in meaning toAfound.Brevised.CmarkedDstored33、Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE mayApose a threat to all its peersBmeet with strong oppositionCincrease Sciences circulation.Dset an example for other journals34、David Vaux holds that what Science is doing nowA.adds to researchersworkload.B.diminishes the role of reviewers.C.has room for further improvement.D.is to fail in the foreseeable future.35.Which of the following is the best title of the text?A.Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB.Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC.Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto EditorsDesksD.StatisticiansAre Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago,Rupert Murdochs daughter,Elisabeth,spoke of the“unsettling dearth of integrityacross so many of our institutions”.Integrity had collapsed,she argued,because of a collective acceptancethat the only“sorting mechanism”in society should be profit and the market.But“its us,human beings,we the people who create the society we want,not profit”.Driving her point home,she continued:“Its increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose,of amoral language within government,media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for版权所有版权所有翻印必究翻印必究7中公考研学员专用资料中公考研学员专用资料报名专线：报名专线：400-6300-966400-6300-966capitalism and freedom.”This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as NewsInternational,she thought,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegaltelephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludesfinding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World,Andy Coulson,for conspiring to hack phones,and finding his predecessor,Rebekah Brooks,innocent of the same chargethe wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands.Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of upto 5,500 people.This is hacking on an industrial scale,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire,the manhired by