2016年中国商务环境调查报告.pdf

In partnership with与 贝 恩 公 司 合 作 编 制 The American Chamber of Commerce in the Peoples Republic of ChinaPDFBILINGUALYEAR20162016 CHINA BUSINESS CLIMATE SURVEY REPORT2016年度中国商务环境调查报告 This is the 18th year in which the American Chamber of Commerce in the Peoples Republic of China(AmCham China)has conducted its annual Business Climate Survey.We are proud to have partnered again with the consultants at Bain&Company,who worked with us to continue improving the survey experience for our members,and provided in-depth analysis to determine the implications of our findings for member companies.The Business Climate Survey provides a valuable insight to the Chinese and US governments about our member companies concerns with respect to Chinas regulatory and policy environment as well as the daily business challenges they face operating in China.Furthermore,the survey provides a useful tool for our members to measure their operations and compare business outlooks and strategies with the broader community.We look forward to providing further reports in the coming months to our member-ship on issues related to their specific sectors,and highlighting findings in the data in future AmCham China publications.We would like to thank all of our members who took the time to participate in the survey.Your input is greatly valued,and the key to our joint success.今年是中国美国商会（AmCham China）开展年度商务环境调查的第十八年。我们很荣幸再次与贝恩公司(Bain&Company)合作，共同致力于不断改善会员的调查体验，开展深入分析并研究调查结果对会员企业的意义。商务环境调查提供富有价值的见解，有助于中国和美国政府更好地理解中国美国商会会员企业对中国监管和政策环境的关注点，以及企业在华日常运营所面临的挑战。另外，本调查还可以用作会员企业在更广阔的行业范围内衡量自身运营状况、业务前景和商业战略的一个实用工具。我们期待在未来的几个月内进一步向会员企业提供与其各自所在领域相关的深度报告，并在中国美国商会将来发布的刊物中重点介绍各项数据及发现。我们感谢会员企业抽出时间参与此次调查。你们的意见非常宝贵，是我们共同迈AmCham Chinas 2016 China Business Climate Survey Report中国美国商会 2016 年度中国商务环境调查报告Chairmans Message主席致辞Executive Summary摘 要Survey Demographics受访者组成 I.Closing the Books on 20152015 年业绩盘点II.Report from the Frontline:Market Opportunities and Business Challenges一线报告：市场机会和商业挑战221437845101448III.Winning in China:Business Priorities and Plans赢在中国：业务重点和计划IV.Winds of Change:Assessing the Policy Trends改革风向：评估政策趋势V.Regional Trends:Growth,Ease of Doing Business and Investment Plans区域趋势：增长、经商便利度和投资计划VI.Collaborating for the Future:Bilateral Investment Treaty Outlook 合作前景展望：双边投资协定展望向成功的关键。2The American Chamber of Commerce in the Peoples Republic of China traces its roots to 1919,when it operated out of a small hutong office near Wangfujing in Beijing.Over the years,AmCham China has represented the best of American companies with billions of dollars in investments in China,employing hundreds of thousands of employees,and bringing world-class innovation and technology to the Chinese people.Every year for 18 years AmCham China has proudly produced its Business Climate Survey(BCS),which is a careful-ly developed reflection of the views and perceptions of American business operating in China.The analysis in this 2016 BCS Report is presented to both the Chinese and American governments on issues of concern to American companies operating in,or trading with,China.We view this report as the chambers constructive contribution to improving the business environment in China.The 2016 BCS Report reflects a number of ongoing concerns of our member companies:2015 was a challenging year for growth and profits;Economic,regulatory and human resources concerns are key challenges for companies operating in China;While China remains a top investment priority,fewer companies are increasing their investment levels in China;Business will continue to invest in innovation and talent,but with calculation and caution;American business feels less welcome than in prior years;The US-China Bilateral Investment Treaty continues to be a critical component for future growth opportunities going forward.As Chinas economic growth rate decelerates,this years report reflects that American businesses will need to revise their strategies to ensure profitable growth in China.This will also be a year to carefully review and manage costs as part of a strategy under the“new normal.”In addition,our members report increasing concerns about transparency,predictability and fairness of the regulatory environment,as well as the extent to which they are allowed to participate in the ongoing reforms and serve Chinas market.In particular,companies more closely involved in the growing consumer and services markets report a more positive outlook while companies in Chinas traditional economy with greater history of state involvement and in-dustrial policy,report a less positive outlook.While the Chinese leadership has emphasized that the country will follow the rule of law,our members continue to report that the regulatory and judicial processes are less than fair and lack adequate oversight.Furthermore,while the government has placed considerable emphasis on reforms to promote innovation and the advancement of high-tech industries in China,member companies involved in R&D report the greatest concerns over the future regulatory environment.We believe persistence of these funda-mental concerns regarding rule of law and open markets indicate a divergence between the direction of Chinas development and international norms.The 2016 BCS Report further reflects that a top priority for both Chinese and US policymakers should be the pur-suit of a high-standard US-China Bilateral Investment Treaty that includes provisions to protect concerns beyond market access.As a result,US companies will be able to better invest and innovate in China on a level playing field,to the benefit of Chinas future economy.For both businesses and policymakers,2016 will be an important year to set the path for future quality growth.The Chinese government needs to continue to take steps to ensure that business continues to feel welcome and continues to view China as a priority destination for investment.James ZimmermanChairman,AmCham China Chairmans Message3中国美国商会的历史可追溯至 1919 年，当时的办公地点设在北京王府井附近的一条小胡同里。多年来，中国美国商会代表了美国最优秀的企业，他们为中国带来几十亿美元的投资及数以万计的工作岗位，也为中国人民带来了世界顶尖的创新理念和技术。18 年来，中国美国商会每年都会推出商务环境调查报告（简称报告）。该报告详细展示了在华美企的观点和看法。2016 年报告的分析向中国和美国政府呈现了在华运营或对华进行贸易往来的美国企业所关心的重点议题。我们认为，该报告是中国美国商会对于改善中国商业环境所做出的建设性贡献。2016 年商务环境调查报告反映了我们的会员企业对如下问题的持续关注：2015 年对于企业增长和盈利是极具挑战的一年；对于在华企业来说，经济、管理和人才资源问题是其主要挑战；尽管中国仍作为首要投资目的地之一，但选择加大在华投资力度的企业有所减少；虽然企业仍将继续投资创新和人才培养，但会经过深思熟虑且更为小心谨慎；与前几年相比，美国企业受欢迎程度有所降低；美中双边投资协定仍然是未来增长机遇向前发展的重要组成部分。随着中国经济增速放缓，今年的报告反映出美国企业需要调整自身战略以保证在华盈利性增长。为了应对“新常态”，企业今年还需仔细评估、管控成本。此外，我们的会员表达了对管理环境的透明性、可预测性和公平性，以及允许参与的改革进程、为中国市场服务的程度方面的担忧。其中，积极参与蓬勃发展的消费服务市场的企业对经济前景更为乐观，而在中国传统经济模式下，长期受制于政府干涉和工业政策的企业则不那么乐观。尽管中国领导人已经强调中国将依法治国，但有会员仍表示监管和司法程序不如此前公平，且缺少适当的监督。此外，尽管中国政府高度重视促进高科技产业的创新和发展所实施的改革，然而参与研发的会员企业对于未来的监管环境仍表示巨大的担忧。我们认为，这些涉及法治和市场开放的基本问题的担忧的存在，表明中国的发展方向和国际规范间存在分歧。2016 年商务环境调查报告进一步表明美中决策者们的当务之急是签订一份高标准的美中双边投资协定，其中包括放宽市场准入问题的相关条款。这样，美国企业就能在公平竞争环境下更好地在中国进行投资和创新，从而有利于中国未来经济的发展。无论是对于企业还是决策者，2016 年都是为未来质量增长铺路的重要之年。中国政府需要继续采取措施让在华的企业感到受欢迎，使中国继续作为首选投资目的地。中国美国商会主席吉莫曼主席致辞4Executive SummaryThis years Business Climate Survey provides a timely overview of the performance of AmCham China member companies in 2015,their plans for future growth in China,and their assessments of Chinas economic,business,and regulatory environment.2015 Performance Snapshot:A difficult year for growth and profitsAlthough many member companies continued to grow in 2015,almost one in four companies reported declining revenues and another one in five companies reported flat revenues compared with 2014.Companies in the Services sector were most likely to grow,while the Industrial&Resources sector had the toughest year,with almost half of companies reporting declining revenues.At the same time,the proportion of companies characterizing their business as financially profitable in 2015 fell to 64%,the lowest level in the last five years.Business Climate Challenges:Economic,Regulatory and HR concerns top of mindChinas economic challenges are clearly impacting member companies.For example,industry overcapacity was reported as a top five business challenge.Although many respondents remain optimistic about Chinas domestic market growth potential,almost half of survey respondents expect that Chinas overall GDP growth in 2016 will be lower than 6.25%.However,in addition to the economic challenges,member companies report the regulatory environment as being a key factor hindering their ability to invest and grow.For the first time in five years,member companies cited“inconsistent regulatory inter-pretation and unclear laws”as the top business challenge.“Obtaining required licenses”also returned to the list of top five business challenges.Human resources issues continue to be challenging,with labor costs and a shortage of qualified employees both making the list of top five challenges.However,there are signs of progress.For example,labor cost increases may be decelerating,with more than 80%of companies expecting average labor cost per employee to increase by less than 10%in 2016.Outlook on investment:China remains a top priority,but fewer companies increasing investment levels in ChinaChina remains a top three investment priority for six out of ten member companies.This,however,is significantly below a high point in the 2012 report when almost eight out of ten companies named China a top three investment priority.Consumer and Services companies are most likely to prioritize China in growth plans,while Industrial&Resources companies are the least likely.Approximately one-third of member companies are not planning to increase their investments in China during 2016.Slower economic growth and rising costs are the most commonly cited reasons for decreasing investment levels.However,market access barriers are the primary barrier for 1 of 6 respondents(most frequently cited by those in the Technology&R&D Intensive and Ser-vices sectors).Survey respondents have also moved or are considering moving capacity outside of China.By the end of 2015,25%of respon-dents have either already moved or are planning to move capacity outside of China.While almost half of respondents are moving capacity to“Developing Asia,”almost 40%report moving capacity to the US,Canada or Mexico.Within China,member companies are prioritizing investments for the Northern and Eastern Coast regions,followed by the South-ern Coast and the Southwest.Although respondents see significant economic growth opportunities in the southwest,they rate the region relatively lower on ease of doing business.Growth opportunities:Member companies prioritizing innovationInnovation is an important business priority for most member companies.More than nine in ten respondents believe that innova-tion in China will be important to their companys future growth in China.Respondents also report that brands,technology and IP,and development and innovation are among the top five competitive advantages member companies have relative to domestic 5摘 要今年的商务环境调查报告全面地回顾了中国美国商会会员企业 2015 年的业绩表现、未来发展计划及其对中国经济、商务和监管环境的看法。2015 年业绩简报：增长和利润均遭遇困难2015 年，虽然很多会员企业继续保持增长，但是近四分之一的企业报告其收入减少、五分之一的企业报告其收入与 2014 年持平。服务行业的企业发展前景最佳，而工业和资源行业处境最艰难，其中近半数的企业表示收入下降，同时，表示其 2015 年实现财务盈利的企业比例跌至 64%，为五年来最低。商务环境挑战：经济、监管和人力资源问题最突出中国面临的经济挑战显然会影响到会员企业，例如，产能过剩就位列五大商业挑战之一。虽然很多受访者对中国国内市场的增长潜力保持乐观，但是近一半的受访者预计中国 2016 年 GDP 总体增长将低于 6.25%。除了经济挑战，会员企业也将监管环境列为限制其投资和增长能力的关键因素。五年来，会员企业首次将“法律法规执行不一致/不清楚”列为首要挑战。“获取许可证困难”也重返五大商业挑战之列。人力资源挑战继续存在，其中劳动力成本和缺乏合格的员工被列在五大商业挑战之中。不过，还是有进步的迹象：例如，劳动力成本增长或将趋缓，超过 80%的企业预计 2016 年平均劳动力成本的增长将低于 10%。投资前景：中国仍是重点，但增加在华投资的企业数量减少有六成企业仍然将中国作为三大投资目的地之一，不过这与 2012 年最高峰时的八成相较下降不少。消费和服务行业的企业最有可能将中国列为发展重点，而对于工业和资源企业来说，这种可能性最低。大约三分之一的会员企业在 2016 年没有增加在华投资的计划。最常提到的导致投资水平降低的原因包括经济增长放缓和成本增加。六分之一的受访者（技术和研发密集型及服务行业的企业最多）将市场准入限制列为主要障碍。受访者已经或者正在考虑向中国境外转移产能。2015 年底，25%的受访者已经或者计划将产能迁出中国。虽然将近一半的受访者正将产能转移到亚洲发展中国家，但是，也有近 40%的企业表示将美国、加拿大或墨西哥作为目的地。在中国，会员企业的投资首选为北部和东部沿海地区，其次是南部沿海及西南地区。虽然西南地区蕴藏着巨大的经济增长机会，但是会员企业认为在这一地区不易经商。增长机会：创新成为焦点大多数会员企业都将创新作为业务发展的重点。超过九成的企业认为，在华开展创新活动对其实现未来增长至关重要。受访者还表示，与国内竞争者相比，会员企业在品牌、技术和知识产权、开发和创新方面具有竞争优势。创新能够帮助企业捕捉新消费领域的增长机会，也是发布新产品和新服务的必要条件，而大部分企业都将新产品和新服务作为主要业务目标。越来越多的创新是为中国专门设计的，6competitors.Innovation can help capture growth opportunities in new customer segments and is required for launching new products or services,both of which are listed as primary business objectives for most member companies.This innovation is increasingly designed for China,with 40%of companies reporting that more than half of their revenues come from products or services designed,developed or tailored to local requirements,a significant increase from 32%last year.AmCham China member companies are also innovating in line with changes in the technology environment.Respondents report that“digitalization”will be a top priority,with more than 70%rating digitalization of sales,marketing,distribution and customer relationship management as very or extremely important to enhancing their competitiveness.This is consistent with companies in most sectors reporting that Chinas“Internet+”and the growth of e-commerce are important growth opportunities for them.In order to innovate in China,member companies are hiring domestically and investing in employee training.Hiring talent and developing talent are also reflected as the top two HR priorities for all companies in 2016.In addition,more than 40%of compa-nies with 250 or more employees in China have established an R&D center in China to support their innovation strategies.Further-more one-third of respondents have established partnerships with Chinese organizations or companies.Policy Trends:Steady progress in areas,but Bilateral Investment Treaty remains a critical requirement for the futureAlthough member companies report significant business challenges with inconsistent regulatory interpretation and unclear laws and difficulties acquiring licenses,comparing this years survey responses with prior years suggests progress on protection of Intellectual Property Rights,the data security environment and anti-corruption.These areas continue to be pressing concerns for many survey respondents,but the trends are positive.Regarding Intellectual Property Rights,a majority of respondents view patents,copyright and trademark laws and regulations as being effective.Only trade secret laws and regulations are viewed by a majority as being ineffective.And while the enforce-ment of Intellectual Property Rights is rated somewhat lower in terms of its effectiveness,nine in ten respondents believe Chi-nas enforcement of IPR has improved during the last five years.Similarly,while 52%of respondents believe the risk of IP leakage and IT or data security threats is greater in China than in other regions,this percentage is lower than last years 60%.Corruption,which has historically been a“top five business challenge in China,”has fallen off the list of top five business challenges for the third year in a row.Despite this progress,77%of respondents feel that foreign businesses are less welcome than before in China.This response is consistent across industries,but most often highlighted by companies in the Industrial&Reso