世界经济论坛-共享电气和自动化移动（SEAM）治理框架：北美和欧洲的原型（英文）-2019.5-32页.pdf

White PaperShared,Electric and Automated Mobility(SEAM)Governance FrameworkPrototype for North America and EuropeMay 2019World Economic Forum9193 route de la CapiteCH1223 Cologny/GenevaSwitzerlandTel.:+41(0)22 869 1212Fax:+41(0)22 786 2744Email:contactweforum.orgwww.weforum.org 2019 World Economic Forum.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,including photocopying and recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system.3Shared,Electric and Automated Mobility(SEAM)Governance Framework Prototype for North America and EuropeContentsPreface 5Executive summary 61.Introduction 72.SEAM Governance Framework prototype 92.1 Phase I:Governance work principles 92.2 Phase II:Governance vision and goals 122.3 Phase III:Governance instrumentation guide 132.3.1 Preferential and flexible space allocation for SEAM 132.3.2 Integrated preferential flexible cost determination for SEAM 182.4 Phase IV:Reliable policy evaluation for SEAM 213.Summary 25Glossary 25Acknowledgements 26Appendix I 27Appendix II 29Endnotes 304Shared,Electric and Automated Mobility(SEAM)Governance Framework Prototype for North America and Europe5Shared,Electric and Automated Mobility(SEAM)Governance Framework Prototype for North America and EuropePrefaceThis White Paper offers a prototype framework for integrated shared,electric and automated mobility(SEAM)governance.It is comprised of a short introduction to a project idea,the rationale for the project structure and ideas for a customized governance framework.The SEAM Governance Framework Prototype has four phases:(i)governance work principles outlining essential approaches to be considered by developers of SEAM governance;(ii)governance visions,including objectives that the authors believe should be embedded in SEAM governance development goals;(iii)governance instrumentation stock,where creative and exhaustive tools for public and privatesector actors are presented by type and priority(“SEAM rank”);and(iv)policy evaluation tips and tools,which highlight issues that typically impede the evaluation of governance instruments and present evaluation models.These tools can be made available for engaged cities to use as part of the pilot process.6Shared,Electric and Automated Mobility(SEAM)Governance Framework Prototype for North America and EuropeExecutive summaryShared,electric and automated mobility(SEAM)should be viewed as complementary features of an urban passenger mobility system of the near future.As such,these three features should be advanced through a governance approach that combines policies through a constructive stakeholder process.The SEAM Governance Framework Prototype suggested in this White Paper advocates for a fourstep approach that can be led by a city:1.Establish work principlesThe key work principles are:Encourage an inclusive environment for public and privatesector stakeholders as well as community collaboration on the design,evaluation and modification of policies Create a cultural,institutional and cognitive environment for dynamic governance and the establishment of a common language Establish operational guidelines for evaluating success and managing risks Form efficient,transparent and authoritative governance mechanisms2.Set vision and goalsThe ultimate vision is for an inclusive and sustainable mobility system,which improves urban quality of life for all.The goals could include good urban space and mobility integrations,sharedride mobility(by occupancycommute),zeroemissions mobility,electrified and shared automated vehicles(first as communityinspired pilots)and dynamic governance.3.Package policy instrumentsThe policy library is divided into“cost”and“price”levers.Under each of these,policies are divided into those overseen by the publicsector,privatesector and joint publicand privatesector leaders.4.Form a reliable policy evaluation mechanism Given the abrupt nature of current urban mobility trends,the evaluation of urban mobility policy is best when based on realworld data and done periodically.7Shared,Electric and Automated Mobility(SEAM)Governance Framework Prototype for North America and Europe1.IntroductionThis section outlines the shared,electric and automated mobility(SEAM)1 governance project goal,approach and process.Project collaboratorsAssembled by the World Economic Forum Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution Autonomous and Urban Mobility(AUM)project team,the Global New Mobility Coalition will be formed in the fall of 2019.The Coalition seeks to advance an informed awareness and to codevelop policies that demonstrate and capitalize on the significant longterm environmental benefits of shared,electric and automated mobility technologies,and support their piloting in realworld applicants today.SEAM Governance Framework Prototype goalThe project goal is to ensure that new mobility governance adopts an integrated approach to SEAM to primarily advance positive environmental outcomes(Figure 1).Its nearterm objective is to explore pathways for achieving this goal through urban pilots by plugging into local sustainability goals(socioeconomic,environmental)and guiding the tailoring of comprehensive governance instrumentation packages to local contexts.In AUM work,shared mobility refers to highoccupancy rides rather than to shared travel models(vehicles,bikes,scooters).2 Electrification of vehicles is a means to a zerotailpipe emissions goal,and therefore other technologies towards that end are meant to be included in this simple term(e.g.fuel cell vehicles).3 Automated or autonomous4 mobility refers to high automation,namely when all tasks can be handled by the vehicle system without human intervention though in a limited environment(geofenced),and to full automation,when an automated system can handle all roadway conditions and environments.5Shared,zeroemission and automated solutions are complementary and enhance each others benefits.6 Research to date has considered the potential for reduced emissions from shared,electric and automated mobility given their individual and joint impacts on energy consumption(fuel economy,fuel type,occupancy per vehicle,road load or congestion)and cumulative vehicle distance travelled(travel behaviour).While emission reduction estimates vary(see Appendix I),“many experts believe that a fleet of rightsized,shared,fully autonomous,electricdrive vehicles integrated into the transportation network could be a key to reaching transportation decarbonization goals”.7 Assessing local environmental impact scenarios from SEAM through a local lens provides value(Figure 2).Figure 1:SEAM governance goalSource:AuthorsElectricAutonomousSharedSEAMGoalElectricAutonomousSharedSEAMWork8Shared,Electric and Automated Mobility(SEAM)Governance Framework Prototype for North America and EuropeFigure 2:SEAM air quality and climate benefits 4595%reduction in emissions if combined rightTo facilitate the environmental and sustainable benefits of SEAM,the AUM community refined four tools:work principles;a vision and goals;a policy library;and policy evaluation models.It further brings together a diverse and engaged community of subject matter experts from companies,academia,think tanks and NGOs.The communitys desire is to work with individual cities to customize the framework proposed here for their unique needs for capitalizing on SEAM for positive environmental benefits.SEAM Governance Framework Prototype:approach and processThe AUM team assembled a community to develop the SEAM Governance Framework.The intention was to invite pilot cities to experiment with and adjust the Framework Prototype according to their needs and governance context(Figure 3).Therefore,this prototype is not intended to be adopted as is,but rather to stimulate and guide local governance discussion,and to tailor approaches and instrumentation to local best practices.Such processes,when available,would ideally be recorded,iterated and shared with key public and privatesector leaders from other municipalities.Figure 3:SEAM governance project processPublic sector GovernancePrivate sector GovernancePrototype Governance Framework Generation:White PaperPrototype Tailoring to Local Context and Needs:City PilotHybrid GovernanceLocally-fitted SEAM Governance Framework&Lessons Learned:Insight Report Iterated and shareSEAM Framework PrototypeTailor Locally PrototypeFrameworkGoals DefinitionKnowledge ConsolidationSource:AuthorsTailpipeEmissionsAVsICEsPrivateownership,low-occupancyEVsSM=VKT X Energy/unitNote:VKT=vehicle kilometres travelled;ICE=internal combustion engine;AV=automated vehicle;SM=shared mobility;EV=electric vehicle Source:Authors9Shared,Electric and Automated Mobility(SEAM)Governance Framework Prototype for North America and EuropeThe codesigned SEAM Governance Framework has four phases(Figure 4).It provides highlevel and longterm insights for devising governance work principles and guidelines for crafting governance visions and subsequent goals and objectives.It also provides actionable shortterm recommended SEAM governance instruments(policy library)and evaluation tools.The Framework is meant to be tailored to interested and suitable cities through a pilot engagement process.Figure 4:SEAM Governance Framework phases2.1 Phase I:Governance work principlesThe pilot city should develop a steering document that outlines SEAM governance work principles,or review existing documentation,while considering the following work principles:Engage with external stakeholders,existing and potential,including the private sector,academia and civil society communities(see Case Study 1).Engage with internal stakeholders and seek crossministerial participation to enable action that builds on multiple perspectives and experiences.This should include but not be limited to legal,financing,monitoring and enforcing entities(see Case Study 2).Create an environment for dynamic governance that can be fitted to changing cultural,institutional and cognitive conditions,and acknowledge that no current framework will be perfect.Form a clear terminology handbook to smooth communications between involved actors and to revisit the typology periodically(see Case Study 3).Establish performance indexes and risk management guidelines in advance,using levels of importance and likelihood and aligning on how predicated technical,organizational and operable issues should be addressed,noting points of escalation(see Case Study 4).Form efficient,transparent and authoritative management,evaluation and enforcement capacities as well as work mechanisms(see Case Study 5).Ensure good governance,which seeks to minimize regulatory patchwork.Tread lightly around the use of preemption and proactively pursue continuous improvement based on timely realworld governance impact evaluation(see Case Study 6).2.SEAM Governance Framework prototypePhase IIWork PrinciplesSet/revisit vision&goalsSelect/modifypolicy packageEvaluate policy impactPhase IIIPhase IVPhase ISource:AuthorsEach of the chapters is built on AUM community efforts(see the reference list in Appendix II)curated by the World Economic Forum Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution.Chapters include relevant case studies and suggested readings.10Shared,Electric and Automated Mobility(SEAM)Governance Framework Prototype for North America and EuropeCase Study 1:Rethinking mobility requires a truly participatory effort(Ford Motor Companys Greenfield Labs)“With a new perspective on mobility must come a new set of design principles for street stewardship,street design,and mobility creation.Ford created the National Street Service to ensure that new technologies and services it creates help carry streets forward to a future that puts people at the center of this vital public space.Ford hopes that these design principles can become a touchstone for all people building the streets of the future.”From“Principles for the Living Street of Tomorrow”,Living Streets,https:/ Study 2:Hybrid instrumentation calls for hybrid governance(Innovation Center for Energy and Transportation)“The adoption of the ZEVcredits in China can set an example for the importance of crossinstitutional agreement for forging a mandate that is enforceable and manageable:It was only after five ministries have jointly agreed to pursue a ZEV credits mandate,that the mandate could have been adopted and signalled to the industry that there are governing capacities,and that the game is on.”An Feng,Founder and Chief Executive Officer,Innovation Center for Energy and Transportation(iCET),ChinaLearn more at:Ben Dror,M.and Feng,A.,“Government policy and regulatory framework for passenger NEVs in China”,forum,Issue 112,March 2018,p.38,https:/www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wpcontent/uploads/2018/04/OEF112.pdf Case Study 4:Drones and Tomorrows Airspace(World Economic Forum Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution)The Advanced Drone Operations Toolkit provides a modular approach for governments to enable societally important and safe drone projects.Each recommendation is based on lessons learned from the latest successful pilot projects in Switzerland,Rwanda and Malawi saving lives and creating new forms of aerial logistics.Among its findings are the benefits of a performancebased regulation(PBR)model:governments around the world are struggling to balance efficient oversight over innovative mobility solutions with the dynamism of rapidly evolving sociotechnologies.PBRs are regulations based on dynamic risk mitigation that allow authorities to respond quickly to new types of mobility options by identifying and managing their potential risks.In the context of road mobility,and given the rapid sociotechnological development,the success of dynamic performancebased safety governance in the commercial use of new solutions can support a smooth transition to SEAM.Read more at:Advanced Drone Operations Toolkit:Accelerating the Drone Revolution,Insight Report,World Economic Forum,December 2018,http:/www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Advanced_Drone_Operations_Toolkit.pdf Case Study 3:Standard taxonomy and definitions(University of California,Berkeley;SAE International)A consequence of the evergrowing and evolving landscape of shared mobility is the lack of standardized terms and definitions.The shared and digital mobility industry is challenged with discrepancies in use and definition of terms,which often create ambiguity and confusion for policymakers,regulatory agencies and the broader public.Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Shared Mobility and Enabling Technologies J3163 is aimed at tackling this problem,and it is planned to be revisited periodically.The current standard organizes taxonomy into six categories:travel modes(e.g.carsharing and bikesharing),mobility applications(e.g.mobility tracker apps),service models(e.g.peertopeer service model),operational models(e.g.stationbased round trip),business models(e.g.businesstobusiness roundtrip)and deprecated terms(e.g.ridesh