美国交通部-2018美国交通统计年报（英文）-2019.4-265页.pdf

Transportation Statistics Annual Report2018Free CopyNot Meant for Sale每日免费获取报告1、每日微信群内分享7+最新重磅报告；2、每日分享当日华尔街日报、金融时报；3、每周分享经济学人4、行研报告均为公开版，权利归原作者所有，起点财经仅分发做内部学习。扫一扫二维码关注公号回复：研究报告加入“起点财经”微信群。U.S.Department of TransportationOffice of the Secretary of TransportationBureau of Transportation StatisticsFree CopyNot Meant for SaleTransportation Statistics Annual Report2018iiTo obtain free copies of the Transportation Statistics Annual Report 2018 and other BTS publications,please use the following:Mail U.S.Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics Attn:Product Orders 1200 New Jersey Avenue,SE,Room E34-457 Washington,DC 20590 Internet https:/www.bts.gov/tsar BTS Information Service Ask-A-Librarian http:/ 202-366-DATA(3282)Recommended citationU.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transportation Statistics,Transportation Statistics Annual Report 2018(Washington,DC:2018).https:/doi.org/10.21949/1502596All material contained in this report is in the public domain and may be used and reprinted without special permission.Source citation is required.iiiElaine L.ChaoSecretary of TransportationJeffrey A.RosenDeputy Secretary of TransportationBureau of Transportation StatisticsPatricia HuDirectorRolf SchmittDeputy DirectorProduced under the direction of:Michael J.Sprung Director,Office of Transportation AnalysisProject Managers Matthew Chambers Sonya Smith-PickelVisual Information SpecialistAlpha WingfieldMajor ContributorsMichael BronziniTheresa Firestine Wendell FletcherDavid GreeneNancy McGuckinMichael MeyerWilliam H.MooreChris RickJoanne SedorContributorsSteven BeningoStephen BrumbaughKatherine ChambersDerald DudleyChester FordLong NguyenClara ReschovskyDemi Riley Umesh ShankarDavid Smallen Timothy StewartConnie TangKelsey Taylor Special thanks to all our colleagues throughout the U.S.Department of Transportation who provided data used in this report and critical review of the narrative.Acknowledgements ivQuality Assurance StatementThe Bureau of Transportation Statistics(BTS)provides high quality information to serve government,industry,and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding.Standards and policies are used to ensure and maximize the quality,objectivity,utility,and integrity of its information.BTS reviews quality issues on a regular basis and adjusts its programs and processes to ensure continuous quality improvement.NoticeThis document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange.The U.S.Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof.vIntroductionCongress requires the Director of the Bureau of Transportation Statistics(BTS)to prepare and submit the Transportation Statistics Annual Report each year to Congress and the President.1 Using data collected or compiled by BTS,this 23rd edition of the report describes the Nations transportation system,the systems performance,its contributions to the economy,and its effects on people and the environment,presenting the latest available annual data to examine national trends for all modes of transportation.Congress calls on BTS to collect,compile,analyze,and publish data on 11 topics(see the box below),which are examined in the first 7 chapters of the annual report.The eighth and final chapter,on the state of transportation statistics,responds to Congresss requirement that the BTS Director provide any recommendations on improving transportation statistical information.For the readers convenience,each chapter begins with summary highlights.1 49 U.S.Code 6302Notable emphases in this years report include:more treatment of automated transportation systems,e-commerce,and other information technology interactions affecting transportation;transportation system resilience in addressing natural disasters and human caused disruptions,such as cyber-attacks;the first national update on local travel since 2009 following the release of the 2017 National Household Travel Survey(NHTS)by the Federal Highway Administration;national data from the Freight Analysis Framework,with projections to 2045 and a discussion of e-commerce;an updated and more comprehensive treatment of the economics of transportation;the latest safety statistics for all modes of transportation,updated through 2017;and energy usage and environmental impacts of transportation.viThe reports final chapter examines the state of transportation statistics,identifies long standing and recent data shortcomings,and highlights challenges in responding to them.The chapter articulates the need for updating decades-old surveys of long-distance travel and of vehicles and their use.The chapter also identifies the need for data to better understand the rapid emergence and pervasive effects of transformational technology and services,such as autonomous vehicles,new forms of ride-hailing,and e-commerce on the transportation system.A companion resource to this report is National Transportation Statistics(NTS),a comprehensive online data source maintained by BTS.The more than 260 data tables and source and accuracy statements in NTS cover transportations physical components,safety record,economic performance,energy usage,impact on the human and natural environment,and national security,with some data series going back to 1960.BTS welcomes comment on its products.Questions and comments should be sent to Ask-A-Librarian at http:/ to the Bureau of Transportation Statistics,U.S.Department of Transportation,1200 New Jersey Avenue SE,Washington DC,20590.Legislatively Mandated Topics and Chapter Guide Topics addressed in this report are specified by Congress in 49 U.S.Code 6302(b)(3B)(vi).The topics and the chapters in which they are addressed herein are as follows:transportation safety across all modes and intermodallyChapter 6;the state of good repair of U.S.transportation infrastructureChapters 1 and 2;the extent,connectivity,and condition of the transportation system,building on the BTS National Transportation Atlas DatabaseChapters 1,2,3,and 4;economic efficiency across the entire transportation sectorChapters 2,4,and 5;the effects of the transportation system on global and domestic economic competitivenessChapters 3,4,and 5;demographic,economic,and other variables influencing travel behavior,including choice of transportation mode and goods movementChapters 1,3,and 4;transportation-related variables that influence the domestic economy and global competitivenessChapters 3,4,and 5;economic costs and impacts for passenger travel and freight movementChapters 3,4,and 5;intermodal and multimodal passenger movementChapters 1 and 3;intermodal and multimodal freight movementChapters 1 and 4;and consequences of transportation for the human and natural environmentChapter 7.A detailed checklist of which legislatively mandated topics are addressed in each table and figure in the report is provided in Appendix A.viiTable of ContentsChapter 1Extent and UseHighlights.1-1Capital Stock and Investments.1-2Roads,Bridges,Vehicles,Parking,and Traffic Control Systems.1-2Roads.1-2Bridges.1-4Vehicles.1-4Parking.1-6Traffic Control Systems.1-7Automated Transportation Systems.1-7Automated Transit Systems.1-9Automated Port Systems.1-9Automated Rail Systems.1-10Public Transit.1-10Aviation.1-12Freight Railroads.1-16Passenger Rail.1-16Ports and Waterways.1-19Pipelines.1-26Intermodal Facilities.1-27Challenges.1-27References.1-28Chapter 2Condition and PerformanceHighlights.2-1Condition and Performance Relationship.2-2Roads,Bridges,and Vehicles.2-3Condition.2-3Roads and Highways.2-3Bridges.2-5Vehicle Fleet.2-7Transit Systems.2-8Condition.2-8Performance of Highway and Transit Systems.2-10System Congestion.2-10System Accessibility.2-11Airports and Airplane Fleet.2-13Condition.2-13Airports.2-13Aircraft.2-13Performance.2-14Railroads.2-16viiiAmtrak Condition.2-16Amtrak Performance.2-17Freight Rail.2-18Waterways and Ports.2-20Waterways.2-20Ports.2-21Pipelines.2-21System Resiliency.2-22System Disruptions from Extreme Weather.2-23Human-Caused Disruptions.2-28Cybersecurity.2-28Other Security Concerns.2-29References.2-30Chapter 3Moving PeopleHighlights.3-1Local Travel.3-4Time Spent Traveling.3-8Geographic and Demographic Shifts.3-9New Technologies.3-12Journey-to-Work.3-14Work from Home.3-15Complex Commutes.3-17Special Populations.3-18Aging Population and Young Drivers.3-18Travel by Persons with Disabilities.3-20Zero-Vehicle and Low-Income Households.3-23Long-Distance and International Travel.3-24Air Travel.3-25Intercity Bus and Passenger Rail.3-26Border Crossings.3-27Foreign Visitors.3-28References.3-30Chapter 4Moving GoodsHighlights.4-1Domestic Freight Movement.4-4Value and Weight of Domestic Shipments by State.4-8Commodities Moved Domestically.4-11International Freight.4-11U.S.North American Freight Transportation.4-13Freight Transportation Gateways.4-15Waterborne Freight Transportation.4-17References.4-21ixChapter 5Transportation EconomicsHighlights.5-1Transportation Economics.5-2Transportations Contribution and Role in the Economy.5-2Transportations Contribution to GDP.5-2Use of Transportation Services by Industries.5-4Transportation as an Economic Indicator.5-5Transportation-Related Employment and Wages.5-8Transportation Productivity.5-12Sources of Economic Growth.5-16Transportation Expenditures and Revenues.5-16Household Spending.5-16Public and Private Sector Expenditures and Revenue.5-18Expenditures.5-18Revenue.5-21Transportation Investment.5-22Cost of Transportation.5-24Costs to Produce Transportation Services.5-24Prices Faced by Businesses Purchasing Transportation Services.5-26Prices Faced by Households.5-28Transportation as a Component of International Trade.5-29Transportation and Trade.5-29References.5-31Chapter 6Transportation SafetyHighlights.6-1Fatalities by Mode.6-3Highway Motor Vehicles.6-3Non-highway Transportation Modes.6-7Aviation.6-7Railroad Operations.6-9Transit.6-9Water.6-10Oil and Gas Pipelines.6-11Injured People by Mode.6-11Contributing Factors.6-13Speeding.6-14Alcohol Abuse.6-14Substance Abuse.6-16Distraction and Fatigue.6-16Lives Saved by Occupant Protection Equipment.6-20Seat Belt Use.6-20Helmet Use.6-21Life Jackets and Boat Safety Training.6-22Traffic Safety Enforcement.6-23xHazardous Materials Transportation.6-24Rail Tank Car Safety.6-24References.6-26Chapter 7Transportation Energy Use and Environmental ImpactsHighlights.7-1Energy Use.7-3Energy Use Patterns and Trends.7-4Energy Efficiency.7-7Alternative Fuels and Vehicles.7-12Greenhouse Gas Emissions.7-16Environmental Impacts.7-17Air and Water Quality,Solid Waste,Habitat,and Noise Impacts.7-17Transportation Energy Outlook.7-22References.7-26Chapter 8The State of Transportation StatisticsHighlights.8-1Strengths and Weaknesses of Current Statistics on the Extent,Use,Condition,and Performance of the Transportation System.8-2Strengths and Weaknesses of Current Statistics on Passenger Travel.8-4Strengths and Weaknesses of Current Statistics on Freight Movement.8-6Strengths and Weaknesses of Current Statistics on Transportations Role in the Economy.8-8Strengths and Weaknesses of Current Statistics on the Unintended Consequences of Transportation.8-9Major Statistical Information Shortcomings.8-12New Data Sources,Methods,and Challenges.8-13Improving Transportation Statistics.8-16Looking Ahead.8-17References.8-19Appendix ALegislative Responsibilities.A-1Appendix BGlossary.A-2Appendix C Abbreviations and Acronyms.A-131-1CHAPTER 1Extent and UseHighlights The net value of U.S.transportation capital stock was estimated at$7.7 trillion in 2016.The public sector owned$4.2 trillion of transportation capital stock,while the private sector owned$3.5 trillion.The number of vehicles using the system and vehicle-miles traveled continues to increase,while the mileage of the highway system is largely flat,contributing to congestion in many urban areas.In 2017 transit riders made 10.1 billion trips,a decline of 600 million from the recent high in 2014.Ride-hailing companies,such as Uber and Lyft,provide connectivity to transit but sometimes also compete with transit.National Rail Passenger Corp.(Amtrak)ridership reached a record 31.7 million trips in fiscal year 2017,a slight increase over Amtraks 31.3 million trips in fiscal year 2016.When included with U.S.airlines,in fiscal year 2017 Amtrak ranked Number 6th in passengers carried behind Southwest Airlines,Delta Air Lines,American Airlines,United Airlines,and JetBlue Airways.The top 50 U.S.commercial air carrier airports(out of the more than 5,000 public use airports)account for 85 percent(about 726 million)of passenger enplanements.Over the past 50 years,Class I railroads and connecting facilities have developed increasingly efficient ways to carry and transfer cargo.The system mileage of Class I railroads in 2016 was less than one-half the mileage in 1960,while freight rail ton-miles tripled.The TEU,tonnage,and size of containerships calling at U.S.ports continue to increase,with an average capacity of 4,856 TEU in 2016,an increase of 37 percent since 2013.U.S.ports are increasingly equipped with Super Post Panamax cranes to serve Neo-Panamax(also known as New Panamax)ships.Automated vehicle development is advancing in all modes of transportation,ranging from 38 jurisdictions permitting testing of driverless highway vehicles,to autonomous ports systems and ships,to the adoption of Positive Train Control systems.1-2Chapter 1:Extent and Use In 2017 the U.S.transportation system served 326 million Americansincluding those who may not own a vehicle or rarely travel.Transportation is used to commute to work,obtain goods and services,call on family and friends,and visit distant places.It also drives the economy,connecting over 7.6 million business establishments with customers,suppliers,and workers USDOC CENSUS QF 2017.The transportation system allows over 75 million foreign visitors to travel to the United States(see Chapter 3 Moving People),resulting in a sizable contribution to the U.S.economy.This chapter examines the extent and usage of the principal transportation modes,including associated infrastructure,vehicles,control systems,and intermodal connections.The following section looks at transportation capital stock,followed by sections on highway systems,public transit,aviation,railroads,ports and waterways,pipelines,and intermodal connectors.Capital Stock and InvestmentsTransportation capital stock is the value of transportation infrastructure(e.g.,roadways,bridges,and stations)and equipment(e.g.,automobiles,aircraft,and ships)in existence as of a specific date.The net value of U.S.transportation capital stock was estimated at$7.7 trillion in 2016(figure 1-1).Transportation capital stock is owned by both the public and private sectors.Freight railroad facilities and equipment are almost entirely owned by the private sector,while highways,bridges,airports,seaports,and transit structures are owned by state and local governments.In 2016 the public sector own