联合国-相互依存的数字时代（英文）-2019.6-47页.pdf

The Age of Digital Interdependence1the age of digital interdependenceReport of the UN Secretary-GeneralsHigh-level Panel on Digital CooperationForewordExecutive Summary1.Introduction:Interdependence in the Digital Age2.Leaving No One Behind2.1 Creating an inclusive digital economy2.2 Rethinking how we work and learn2.3 Regional and global economic policy cooperation3.Individuals,Societies and Digital Technologies3.1 Human rights and human agency3.2 Trust and social cohesion3.3 Security4.Mechanisms for Global Digital Cooperation4.1 Challenges and gaps4.2 Three possible architectures for global digital cooperation4.3 The role of the UN 5.RecommendationsAnnexesI.Terms of Reference of the PanelII.Panel MembersIII.Panel Secretariat and Support TeamsIV.DonorsV.The Panels EngagementVI.Principles and Functions of Digital CooperationNotes3469912131616181922222327293333343536373940The Age of Digital Interdependence2ContentsThe Age of Digital Interdependence3We live in an era of increasing interdependence and accelerating change,much of it driven by technological advances such as low-cost computing,the internet and mobile connectivity.Moments of change present new opportunities to solve old problems.The efficiency,innovation,and speed of a digitally connected world can expand what is possible for everyone including those who historically have been marginalised.At the same time,humanity faces significant new challenges.Modern technologies can be used to erode security and violate privacy.We are also beginning to see complex impacts on education systems and labor markets.We believe the opportunities for human progress in the digital age ultimately outweigh the challenges if we join together in a spirit of cooperation and inclusiveness.We urgently need to lay the foundations of an inclusive digital economy and society for all.We need to focus our energies on policies and investments that will enable people to use technology to build better lives and a more peaceful,trusting world.Making this vision a reality will require all stakeholders to find new ways of working together.That is why the Secretary General appointed this Panel and what we have sought to do with this Report.We are grateful to each member of the Panel,the Secretariat,and the many groups and individuals we consulted;though the views expressed were not always in agreement,they were always conveyed with respect and in the spirit of collaboration.No one knows how technology will evolve,but we do know that our path forward must be built through cooperation and illuminated by shared human values.We hope this Report will contribute to improved understanding of the opportunities and challenges ahead,so that together we can shape a more inclusive and sustainable future for all.ForewordMelinda GatesCo-ChairJack MaCo-ChairThe Age of Digital Interdependence4Digital technologies are rapidly transforming society,simultaneously allowing for unprecedented advances in the human condition and giving rise to profound new challenges.Growing opportunities created by the application of digital technologies are paralleled by stark abuses and unintended consequences.Digital dividends co-exist with digital divides.And,as technological change has accelerated,the mechanisms for cooperation and governance of this landscape have failed to keep pace.Divergent approaches and ad hoc responses threaten to fragment the interconnectedness that defines the digital age,leading to competing standards and approaches,lessening trust and discouraging cooperation.Sensing the urgency of the moment,in July 2018 the Secretary-General of the United Nations(UN)appointed this Panel to consider the question of“digital cooperation”the ways we work together to address the social,ethical,legal and economic impact of digital technologies in order to maximise their benefits and minimise their harm.In particular,the Secretary-General asked us to consider how digital cooperation can contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)the ambitious agenda to protect people and the planet endorsed by 193 UN member states in 2015.He also asked us to consider models of digital cooperation to advance the debate surrounding governance in the digital sphere.In our consultations both internally and with other stakeholders it quickly became clear that our dynamic digital world urgently needs improved digital cooperation and that we live in an age of digital interdependence.Such cooperation must be grounded in common human values such as inclusiveness,respect,human-centredness,human rights,international law,transparency and sustainability.In periods of rapid change and uncertainty such as today,these shared values must be a common light which helps guide us.Effective digital cooperation requires that multilateralism,despite current strains,be strengthened.It also requires that multilateralism be complemented by multi-stakeholderism cooperation that involves not only governments but a far more diverse spectrum of other stakeholders such as civil society,academics,technologists and the private sector.We need to bring far more diverse voices to the table,particularly from developing countries and traditionally marginalised groups,such as women,youth,indigenous people,rural populations and older people.After an introduction which highlights the urgency of improved digital cooperation and invites readers to commit to a Declaration of Digital Interdependence,our report focuses on three broad sets of interlocking issues,each of which is discussed in one subsequent chapter.As a panel,we strove for consensus,but we did not always agree.We have noted areas where our views differed and tried to give a balanced summary of our debates and perspectives.While there was not unanimity of opinion among the Panel members regarding all of the recommendations,the Panel does endorse the full report in the spirit of promoting digital cooperation.Chapter 2,Leaving No One Behind,argues that digital technologies will only help progress towards the full sweep of the SDGs if we think more broadly than the important issue of access to the internet and digital technologies.Access is a necessary,but insufficient,step forward.To capture the power of digital technologies we need to cooperate on the broader ecosystems that enable digital technologies to be used in an inclusive manner.This will require policy frameworks that directly support economic and social inclusion,special efforts to bring traditionally marginalised groups to the fore,important investments in both human capital and infrastructure,smart regulatory environments,and significant efforts to assist workers facing disruption from technologys impact on their livelihoods.This chapter also addresses financial inclusion including mobile money,digital identification and e-commerce,affordable and meaningful access to the internet,digital public goods,the future of education,and the need for regional and global economic policy cooperation.Chapter 3,Individuals,Societies and Digital Technologies,underscores the fact that universal human rights apply equally online as offline,but that there is an urgent need to examine how time-honoured human rights frameworks and conventions should guide digital cooperation and digital technology.We need society-wide conversations about the boundaries,norms and shared aspirations for the uses of digital technologies,including complicated issues like privacy,human agency and security in order to achieve inclusive and equitable outcomes.This chapter also discusses the right to privacy,the need for clear human accountability for autonomous systems,and calls for strengthening efforts to develop and implement global norms on cybersecurity.To take significant steps toward the vision identified in Chapters 2 and 3,we feel the following priority actions deserve immediate attention:AN INCLUSIVE DIGITAL ECONOMY AND SOCIETY1A:We recommend that by 2030,every adult should have affordable access to digital networks,as well as digitally-enabled financial and health services,as a means to make a substantial contribution to achieving the SDGs.Provision of these services should guard against abuse by building on emerging principles and best practices,one example of which is providing the ability to opt in and opt out,and by encouraging informed public discourse.1B:We recommend that a broad,multi-stakeholder alliance,involving the UN,create a platform for sharing digital public goods,engaging talent and pooling data sets,in a manner that respects privacy,in areas related to attaining the SDGs.1C:We call on the private sector,civil society,national governments,multilateral banks and the UN to adopt specific policies to support full digital inclusion and digital equality for women and traditionally marginalised groups.International organisations such as the World Bank and the UN Executive SummaryThe Age of Digital Interdependence5should strengthen research and promote action on barriers women and marginalised groups face to digital inclusion and digital equality.1D:We believe that a set of metrics for digital inclusiveness should be urgently agreed,measured worldwide and detailed with sex disaggregated data in the annual reports of institutions such as the UN,the International Monetary Fund,the World Bank,other multilateral development banks and the OECD.From this,strategies and plans of action could be developed.HUMAN AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY2:We recommend the establishment of regional and global digital help desks to help governments,civil society and the private sector to understand digital issues and develop capacity to steer cooperation related to social and economic impacts of digital technologies.HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMAN AGENCY 3A:Given that human rights apply fully in the digital world,we urge the UN Secretary-General to institute an agencies-wide review of how existing international human rights accords and standards apply to new and emerging digital technologies.Civil society,governments,the private sector and the public should be invited to submit their views on how to apply existing human rights instruments in the digital age in a proactive and transparent process.3B:In the face of growing threats to human rights and safety,including those of children,we call on social media enterprises to work with governments,international and local civil society organisations and human rights experts around the world to fully understand and respond to concerns about existing or potential human rights violations.3C:We believe that autonomous intelligent systems should be designed in ways that enable their decisions to be explained and humans to be accountable for their use.Audits and certification schemes should monitor compliance of artificial intelligence(AI)systems with engineering and ethical standards,which should be developed using multi-stakeholder and multilateral approaches.Life and death decisions should not be delegated to machines.We call for enhanced digital cooperation with multiple stakeholders to think through the design and application of these standards and principles such as transparency and non-bias in autonomous intelligent systems in different social settings.TRUST,SECURITY AND STABILITY4.We recommend the development of a Global Commitment on Digital Trust and Security to shape a shared vision,identify attributes of digital stability,elucidate and strengthen the implementation of norms for responsible uses of technology,and propose priorities for action.If we are to deliver on the promise of digital technologies for the SDGs,including the above-mentioned priority action areas,and avoid the risks of their misuse,we need purposeful digital cooperation arrangements.To this end,in Chapter 4,Mechanisms for Global Digital Cooperation,we analyse gaps in the current mechanisms of global digital cooperation,identify the functions of global digital cooperation needed to address them,and outline three sets of modalities on how to improve our global digital cooperation architecture which build on existing structures and arrangements in ways consistent with our shared values and principles.Given the wide spectrum of issues,there will of necessity be many forms of digital cooperation;some may be led by the private sector or civil society rather than government or international organisations.Moreover,special efforts are needed to ensure inclusive participation by women and other traditionally marginalised groups in all new or updated methods of global digital cooperation.The three proposed digital cooperation architectures presented are intended to ignite focused,agile and open multi-stakeholder consultations in order to quickly develop updated digital governance mechanisms.The 75th Anniversary of the UN in 2020 presents an opportunity for an early harvest in the form of a“Global Commitment for Digital Cooperation”enshrining goals,principles,and priority actions.The chapter also discusses the role of the UN,both in adapting to the digital age and in contributing to improved global digital cooperation.We feel the following steps are warranted to update digital governance:GLOBAL DIGITAL COOPERATION5A:We recommend that,as a matter of urgency,the UN Secretary-General facilitate an agile and open consultation process to develop updated mechanisms for global digital cooperation,with the options discussed in Chapter 4 as a starting point.We suggest an initial goal of marking the UNs 75th anniversary in 2020 with a“Global Commitment for Digital Cooperation”to enshrine shared values,principles,understandings and objectives for an improved global digital cooperation architecture.As part of this process,we understand that the UN Secretary-General may appoint a Technology Envoy.5B:We support a multi-stakeholder“systems”approach for cooperation and regulation that is adaptive,agile,inclusive and fit for purpose for the fast-changing digital age.We hope this report and its recommendations will form part of the building blocks of an inclusive and interdependent digital world,with a fit-for-purpose new governance architecture.We believe in a future in which improved digital cooperation can support the achievement of the SDGs,reduce inequalities,bring people together,enhance international peace and security,and promote economic opportunity and environmental sustainability.The Age of Digital Interdependence6Digital technologies are rapidly transforming societies and economies,simultaneously advancing the human condition and creating profound and unprecedented challenges.How well are we managing the complex impacts on our individual and collective lives?How can we use digital technologies to contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals?What are current best practices and gaps in digital cooperation?What new ways of working together are needed,and who should be involved?These are among the questions the UN Secretary-General asked us to consider.1 We approached o