路透-2018年网络新闻报告（英文）-2019.7-144页.pdf

Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2018 1Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism /Digital News Report 2018 2Nic Newman with Richard Fletcher,Antonis Kalogeropoulos,David A.L.Levy and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Reuters Institute for the Study of JournalismSupported bySurveyed byReuters Institute Digital News Report 2018 3/3 2ContentsForeword by David A.L.Levy 5Methodology 6Authorship and Research Acknowledgements 7 SECTION 1 Executive Summary and Key Findings by Nic Newman 8 SECTION 2 Further Analysis and International Comparison 322.1 The Impact of Greater News Literacy 34 2.2 Misinformation and Disinformation Unpacked 38 2.3 Which Brands do we Trust and Why?422.4 Who Uses Alternative and Partisan News Brands?45 2.5 Donations&Crowdfunding:an Emerging Opportunity?492.6 The Rise of Messaging Apps for News 522.7 Podcasts and New Audio Strategies 55 SECTION 3 Analysis by Country 58 Europe 3.01 United Kingdom 62 3.02 Austria 643.03 Belgium 663.04 Bulgaria 68 3.05 Croatia 703.06 Czech Republic 723.07 Denmark 743.08 Finland 763.09 France 783.10 Germany 803.11 Greece 823.12 Hungary 843.13 Ireland 863.14 Italy 883.15 Netherlands 903.16 Norway 923.17 Poland 943.18 Portugal 963.19 Romania 983.20 Slovakia 1003.21 Spain 1023.22 Sweden 1043.23 Switzerland 1063.24 Turkey 108 Americas 3.25 United States 1123.26 Argentina 1143.27 Brazil 1163.28 Canada 1183.29 Chile 1203.30 Mexico 122 Asia Pacific 3.31 Australia 1263.32 Hong Kong 1283.33 Japan 1303.34 Malaysia 1323.35 Singapore 1343.36 South Korea 1363.37 Taiwan 138 SECTION 4 Postscript and Further Reading 140Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism /Digital News Report 2018 4This is our seventh annual report that explores the changing environment around news across countries.The report is based on a survey of more than 74,000 people in 37 markets,along with additional qualitative research,which together make it the most comprehensive ongoing comparative study of news consumption in the world.Europe remains a key focus,where we cover 25 countries including Bulgaria for the first time this year,but we also cover six markets in Asia(Japan,South Korea,Taiwan,Hong Kong,Malaysia,and Singapore)along with four Latin American countries(Brazil,Argentina,Chile,and Mexico)and the United States and Canada from North America.The report has expanded more than sevenfold since its creation,from five countries in 2012 to 37 in 2018,but it is not yet fully global.Our use of online polling and the need to make meaningful comparisons have meant we have focused on countries with high internet penetration and which are either broadly democratic or generally compare themselves to countries with a democratic tradition.This years report comes amid continuing concern about so-called fake news and about the role of tech companies(platforms)in facilitating the spread of misinformation.Investigations have been launched in many countries,whether about misinformation,use of customer data to target political advertising,or the impact of the tech companies on the news industry.Against that background weve tried to understand more about audience concerns about different kinds of information online,to provide evidence about the state of the industry across our 37 countries as well as insights into the relationship between news publishers and their users.As with previous reports weve done this by triangulating survey data,focus groups and intelligence from expert contributors across all of our countries.We have also introduced some new approaches,through looking at trust at the brand level and the use of focus groups.As politicians and industry grapple for solutions on how to balance freedom of expression and regulation in a digital age we also bring further evidence about how audiences view these issues.We have explored news literacy for the first time,developing a model that allows us to understand more about how this influences trust and the ability to spot misinformation.This year weve looked in much more detail at the changing shape of social media and the increasing importance of messaging apps for news.We conducted a series of focus groups in four countries(United States,the United Kingdom,Germany,and Brazil)where we talked to users of Facebook and WhatsApp about how they used these networks for news.This has brought out a rich set of insights about why people are often reluctant to share and post openly about contentious subjects and are increasingly choosing safer,more private spaces.In terms of partnerships we continue to deepen our relationships across the world with a multiplicity of distinguished academic institutions.These have helped in a variety of different ways,from preparing country profiles to in-depth analysis of the results.Many of our partners are also organising events or country reports looking in more detail at national themes adding wider value to this international project.Inevitably this printed report can only convey a small part of the data that weve captured.More detail is available on our website(www.digitalnewsreport.org),which contains slidepacks,charts,along with a licence that encourages reuse,subject to attribution to the Reuters Institute.All of the website charts have a feature which allows them to be used by or be embedded in any other website or blog.On the website,you can also find a full description of our survey methodology,the full questionnaire,and an interactive charting feature,which allows data to be compared across countries,and over time.Raw data tables are also available on request along with documentation for reuse.Making all this possible,we are hugely grateful to our sponsors:Google,the BBC,Ofcom,the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland,the Dutch Media Authority(CvdM),the Media Industry Research Foundation of Finland,the Fritt Ord Foundation in Norway,the Korea Press Foundation,and Edelman UK,as well as our academic sponsors at the Hans Bredow Institute,the University of Navarra,the University of Canberra,the Centre dtudes sur les mdias,Universit Laval,Canada,and Roskilde University in Denmark.We are also grateful to YouGov,our polling company,who did everything possible to accommodate our increasingly complex requirements and helped our research team analyse and contextualise the data.Foreword Dr David A.L.Levy Director,Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism(RISJ)/5 4MethodologyThis study has been commissioned by the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism to understand how news is being consumed in a range of countries.Research was conducted by YouGov using an online questionnaire at the end of January/beginning of February 2018.The data were weighted to targets based on census/industry accepted data on age,gender,and region to represent the total population of each country.The sample is reflective of the population that has access to the internet.As this survey deals with news consumption,we filtered out anyone who said that they had not consumed any news in the past month,in order to ensure that irrelevant responses didnt adversely affect data quality.This category was lower than 1%in Finland,averaged around 3%,but was as high as 8%in the United States.A comprehensive online questionnaire1 was designed to capture different aspects of news consumption.Face-to-face focus groups were held in the US,UK,Germany,and Brazil to explore issues relating to social media and messaging apps.These were conducted by Kantar Media.Our survey was conducted using established online panels run by our polling company YouGov and their partners.Because this is an online survey the results will under-represent the consumption habits of people who are not online(typically older,less affluent,and with limited formal education).Where relevant,we have tried to make this clear within the text.The main purpose is to track the activities and changes over time within the digital space as well as gaining understanding about how offline media and online media are used together.A fuller description of the methodology and a discussion of non-probability sampling techniques can be found on our website.Along with country-based figures,throughout the report we also use aggregate figures based on responses from all respondents across all the countries covered.These figures are meant only to indicate overall tendencies and should be treated with caution.In fourteen countries,respondents this year were only able to take the survey using a desktop or laptop computer.Although all other quotas were met(e.g.age,gender,region),it is possible that the figures for device use in those countries may have been affected,specifically computer/laptop figures may be inflated and in some countries smartphone and tablet numbers may be lower than expected.It is important to keep in mind that many people use multiple devices,and the dataset still contains smartphone and tablet users who also use a computer.The countries affected were Italy,Japan,Netherlands,Brazil,Spain,Canada,Czech Republic,Poland,Portugal,Austria,South Korea,Switzerland,Hungary,and Turkey.We have flagged the problem on country pages where appropriate.CountryFinal sample sizeTotal populationInternet penetration EuropeUK211766m95%Austria20108.6m85%Belgium200611m88%Bulgaria20217m60%Croatia20104.2m74%Czech Rep.202011m88%Denmark20255.7m97%Finland20125.5m93%France200665m87%Germany203881m90%Greece201411m69%Hungary20059.8m81%Italy204060m87%Ireland20074.7m94%Netherlands201017m95%Norway20275.3m99%Poland200539m73%Portugal200810m72%Romania204819m63%Slovakia20065.4m85%Spain202346m87%Sweden20169.9m93%Switzerland21208.5m89%Turkey*201980m70%AmericasUS2401327m96%Argentina201244m79%Brazil*2007211m66%Canada202237m90%Chile200818m77%Mexico*2007130m65%Asia Pacifi cAustralia202625m88%Hong Kong20167.4m87%Japan2033127m93%Malaysia201332m78%Singapore20185.8m84%South Korea201051m93%Taiwan100824m88%*Please note that in Brazil,Mexico,and Turkey our samples are more representative of urban rather than national populations,which should be taken into consideration when interpreting results.Source:Internet World Stats(http:/)REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM/EXECUTIVE SUMMARYSlide 21 The full questionnaire can be accessed at www.digitalnewsreport.orgReuters Institute for the Study of Journalism /Digital News Report 2018 6Authorship and research acknowledgementsDr David A.L.Levy is Director of the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism and an expert in media policy and regulation.He is the author of Europes Digital Revolution:Broadcasting Regulation,the EU and the Nation State(Routledge,1999/2001),and joint author or editor of several RISJ publications.Nic Newman is Research Associate at the Reuters Institute and is also a consultant on digital media,working actively with news companies on product,audience,and business strategies for digital transition.He writes an annual report for the Institute on future media and technology trends.Dr Richard Fletcher is a Research Fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.He is primarily interested in global trends in digital news consumption,the use of social media by journalists and news organisations,and more broadly,the relationship between computer-based technologies and journalism.Dr Antonis Kalogeropoulos is a Research Fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.His doctoral work was focused on the effects of exposure to economic news.His research interests include political communication,journalism,and audience research.Prof.Rasmus Kleis Nielsen is Director of Research at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism,Professor of Political Communication at the University of Oxford,and Editor in Chief of the International Journal of Press/Politics.His work focuses on changes in the news media,political communication,and the role of digital technologies in both.Country-level commentary and additional insight around media developments have been provided by academic partners and by our network of Reuters Journalist Fellows around the world2.Authorship is referenced at the bottom of the respective country page in Section 3.Additional expert analysis and interpretation of the survey data were provided by the team at YouGov,in particular,Charlotte Clifford,Justin Marshall,Sloane Francis Grant,David Eastbury,and Stephanie Frost.2 Reuters Fellowships offer an opportunity to mid-career journalists to spend time researching an aspect of journalism for one or more terms at the Institute in Oxford./7 6Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism /Digital News Report 2018 8Section 1Executive Summary and Key FindingsNic Newman Research Associate,Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism/9 8This years report contains signs of hope for the news industry following the green shoots that emerged 12 months ago.Change is in the air with many media companies shifting models towards higher quality content and more emphasis on reader payment.We find that the move to distributed content via social media and aggregators has been halted or is even starting to reverse,while subscriptions are increasing in a number of countries.Meanwhile notions of trust and quality are being incorporated into the algorithms of some tech platforms as they respond to political and consumer demands to fix the reliability of information in their systems.And yet these changes are fragile,unevenly distributed,and come on top of many years of digital disruption,which has undermined confidence of both publishers and consumers.Our data show that consumer trust in news remains worryingly low in most countries,often linked to high levels of media polarisation,and the perception of undue political influence.Adding to the mix are high levels of concern about so-called fake news,partly stoked by politicians,who in some countries are already using this as an opportunity to clamp down on media freedom.On the business side,pain has intensified for many traditional media companies in the last year with any rise in reader revenue often offset by continuing falls in print and digital advertising.Part of the digital-born news sector is being hit by Facebooks decision to downgrade news and the continuing hold platforms have over online advertising.With data covering nearly 40 countries and five continents,this research is a reminder that the digital revolution is full of contradictions and exceptions.Countries started in different places,and the speed and extent of digital disruption partly depends on history,geography,politics,and regulation.These differences are captured in individual country pages that can be found towards the end of this report.They contain important industry context written by local experts alongside key charts and data points from each market.The overall story is captured in this executive summary,followed by Section 2 with chapters containing additional analysis on key themes.A SUMMARY OF SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FINDINGS FROM OUR 2018 RESEARCH The use of social media for news has started to fall i