美国防部-2018年人工智能战略综述：利用人工智能促进我们的安全与繁荣（英文）-2019.2-17页.PDF

SUMMARY OF THE 2018 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE STRATEGY Harnessing AI to Advance Our Security and Prosperity SUMMARY OF THE 2018 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE STRATEGY 2 This Page Intentional Left Blank SUMMARY OF THE 2018 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE STRATEGY 3 Table of Contents PREFACE.4 INTRODUCTION.5 Harnessing AI to Advance Our Security and Prosperity.5 AI will benefit both the Department and the Nation.6 STRATEGIC APPROACH.7 DoD is taking immediate action to realize the benefits of AI.7 Delivering AI-enabled capabilities that address key missions.7 Scaling AIs impact across DoD through a common foundation that enables decentralized development and experimentation.7 Cultivating a leading AI workforce.7 Engaging with commercial,academic,and international allies and partners.7 Leading in military ethics and AI safety.8 The Joint Artificial Intelligence Center is a focal point of the DoD AI Strategy.9 STRATEGIC FOCUS AREAS.11 Delivering AI-enabled capabilities that address key missions.11 Partnering with leading private sector technology companies,academia,and global allies and partners.12 Cultivating a leading AI workforce.14 Leading in military ethics and AI safety.15 CONCLUSION.17 SUMMARY OF THE 2018 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE STRATEGY 4 PREFACE The Department of Defenses(DoD)Artificial Intelligence(AI)Strategy directs the DoD to accelerate the adoption of AI and the creation of a force fit for our time.A strong,technologically advanced Department is essential for protecting the security of our nation,preserving access to markets that will improve our standard of living,and ensuring that we are capable of passing intact to the younger generations the freedoms we currently enjoy.AI is rapidly changing a wide range of businesses and industries.It is also poised to change the character of the future battlefield and the pace of threats we must face.We will harness the potential of AI to transform all functions of the Department positively,thereby supporting and protecting U.S.servicemembers,safeguarding U.S.citizens,defending allies and partners,and improving the affordability,effectiveness,and speed of our operations.The women and men in the U.S.armed forces remain our enduring source of strength;we will use AI-enabled information,tools,and systems to empower,not replace,those who serve.Realizing this vision requires identifying appropriate use cases for AI across DoD,rapidly piloting solutions,and scaling successes across our enterprise.The 2018 DoD AI Strategy,summarized here,will drive the urgency,scale,and unity of effort needed to navigate this transformation.The Joint Artificial Intelligence Center(JAIC)is the focal point for carrying it out.As we systematically explore AIs full potential,study its implications,and begin the process of learning about its impact on defense,we will remain thoughtful and adaptive in our execution.We cannot succeed alone;this undertaking requires the skill and commitment of those in government,close collaboration with academia and non-traditional centers of innovation in the commercial sector,and strong cohesion among international allies and partners.We must learn from others to help us achieve the fullest understanding of the potential of AI,and we must lead in responsibly developing and using these powerful technologies,in accordance with the law and our values.As stewards of the security and prosperity of the American public,we will leverage the creativity and agility of our nation to address the technical,ethical,and societal challenges posed by AI and leverage its opportunities in order to preserve the peace and provide security for future generations.SUMMARY OF THE 2018 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE STRATEGY 5 INTRODUCTION Harnessing AI to Advance Our Security and Prosperity The U.S.Department of Defense(DoD)protects our nation by deterring war and winning the nations wars when deterrence fails.In fulfilling this mission,we have always been at the forefront of technological advances to ensure an enduring competitive military advantage against those who threaten our security and safety.Artificial intelligence(AI)is one such technological advance.AI refers to the ability of machines to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence for example,recognizing patterns,learning from experience,drawing conclusions,making predictions,or taking action whether digitally or as the smart software behind autonomous physical systems.AI is poised to transform every industry,and is expected to impact every corner of the Department,spanning operations,training,sustainment,force protection,recruiting,healthcare,and many others.With the application of AI to defense,we have an opportunity to improve support for and protection of U.S.service members,safeguard our citizens,defend our allies and partners,and improve the affordability and speed of our operations.Other nations,particularly China and Russia,are making significant investments in AI for military purposes,including in applications that raise questions regarding international norms and human rights.These investments threaten to erode our technological and operational advantages and destabilize the free and open international order.The United States,together with its allies and partners,must adopt AI to maintain its strategic position,prevail on future battlefields,and safeguard this order.We will also seek to develop and use AI technologies in ways that advance security,peace,and stability in the long run.We will lead in the responsible use and development of AI by articulating our vision and guiding principles for using AI in a lawful and ethical manner.The costs of not implementing this strategy are clear.Failure to adopt AI will result in legacy systems irrelevant to the defense of our people,eroding cohesion among allies and partners,reduced access to markets that will contribute to a decline in our prosperity and standard of living,and growing challenges to societies that have been built upon individual freedoms.SUMMARY OF THE 2018 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE STRATEGY 6 AI will benefit both the Department and the Nation The Strategy directs that we will use AI in a human-centered manner to:Support and protect U.S.servicemembers and civilians around the world.We will incorporate AI into decision-making and operations to reduce risk to fielded forces and generate military advantage.AI can help us better maintain our equipment,reduce operational costs,and improve readiness.Incorporating AI also has the potential to enhance our implementation of the Law of War.By improving the accuracy of military assessments and enhancing mission precision,AI can reduce the risk of civilian casualties and other collateral damage.Protect our country and safeguard our citizens.AI will be used to protect the safety and security of U.S.citizens and to enable a stronger defense of U.S.critical infrastructure.Specifically,AI can enhance our ability to predict,identify,and respond to cyber and physical threats from a range of sources,strengthening the defense of the homeland from attack and discouraging attempts to disrupt U.S.infrastructure such as financial networks,electric grids,election processes,and medical systems.Create an efficient and streamlined organization.The ability of AI to reduce inefficiencies from manual,laborious,data-centric tasks will be harnessed across the Department with the objective of simplifying workflows and improving the speed and accuracy of repetitive tasks.These changes have the potential to shift human attention to higher-level reasoning and judgment,which remain areas in which the human role is critical.Become a pioneer in scaling AI across a global enterprise.We recognize the tremendous utility of AI to a wide range of capabilities.To realize this potential fully,we must pioneer AI approaches across the full scale of our global defense enterprise in a manner that is Joint and interoperable with interagency,allied,and coalition partners.Specifically,DoD will identify and implement new organizational approaches,establish key AI building blocks and standards,develop and attract AI talent,and introduce new operational models that will enable DoD to take advantage of AI systematically at enterprise scale.SUMMARY OF THE 2018 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE STRATEGY 7 STRATEGIC APPROACH“We must anticipate the implications of new technologies on the battlefield,rigorously define the military problems anticipated in future conflict,and foster a culture of experimentation and calculated risk-taking.”Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America DoD is taking immediate action to realize the benefits of AI The following is an overview of the strategic approach that will guide our efforts to accelerate AI adoption.Delivering AI-enabled capabilities that address key missions.We will launch a set of initiatives to incorporate AI rapidly,iteratively,and responsibly to enhance military decision-making and operations across key mission areas.Examples include improving situational awareness and decision-making,increasing the safety of operating equipment,implementing predictive maintenance and supply,and streamlining business processes.We will prioritize the fielding of AI systems that augment the capabilities of our personnel by offloading tedious cognitive or physical tasks and introducing new ways of working.Scaling AIs impact across DoD through a common foundation that enables decentralized development and experimentation.One of the U.S.militarys greatest strengths is the innovative character of our forces.It is likely that the most transformative AI-enabled capabilities will arise from experiments at the“forward edge,”that is,discovered by the users themselves in contexts far removed from centralized offices and laboratories.Taking advantage of this concept of decentralized development and experimentation will require the Department to put in place key building blocks and platforms to scale and democratize access to AI.This includes creating a common foundation of shared data,reusable tools,frameworks and standards,and cloud and edge services.In parallel,we will take steps to ready existing processes for AI application through digitization and smart automation.Taken together,these enterprise-wide changes promote the spread of adaptable problem-solving using AI,increase the rate of experimentation and speed of delivery,and streamline the scaling of successful AI prototypes.Cultivating a leading AI workforce.The transformative and rapidly advancing nature of AI requires that the Department adapt its culture,skills,and approaches.To succeed,we will encourage rapid experimentation,and an iterative,risk-informed approach to AI implementation.We will cultivate the talent of our existing workforce by investing in providing comprehensive AI training,while simultaneously bringing critical AI skills into service by recruiting and partnering with world-class AI talent.Engaging with commercial,academic,and international allies and partners.Strong partnerships are essential at every stage in the AI technology pipeline,from research to deployment and sustainment.We will work with academia and industry to help address global challenges of significant societal importance,and make funding available to entice our best academics to invest in long-term research relevant to defense and remain in the business of educating the next generation of AI talent.We will enhance partnerships with U.S.industry to align civilian AI leadership with defense challenges while evolving our crucial international alliances and partnerships abroad.SUMMARY OF THE 2018 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE STRATEGY 8 Further,we will engage with and contribute to the global open-source community to identify and advance emerging technologies and applications.Leading in military ethics and AI safety.The Department will articulate its vision and guiding principles for using AI in a lawful and ethical manner to promote our values.We will consult with leaders from across academia,private industry,and the international community to advance AI ethics and safety in the military context.We will invest in the research and development of AI systems that are resilient,robust,reliable,and secure;we will continue to fund research into techniques that produce more explainable AI;and we will pioneer approaches for AI test,evaluation,verification,and validation.We will also seek opportunities to use AI to reduce unintentional harm and collateral damage via increased situational awareness and enhanced decision support.As we improve the technology and our use of it,we will continue to share our aims,ethical guidelines,and safety procedures to encourage responsible AI development and use by other nations.SUMMARY OF THE 2018 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE STRATEGY 9 The Joint Artificial Intelligence Center is a focal point of the DoD AI Strategy We established a Joint Artificial Intelligence Center(JAIC)to accelerate the delivery of AI-enabled capabilities,scale the Department-wide impact of AI,and synchronize DoD AI activities to expand Joint Force advantages.Specifically,the JAIC will:Rapidly deliver AI-enabled capabilities to address key missions,strengthening current military advantages and enhancing future AI research and development efforts with mission needs,operational outcomes,user feedback,and data;Establish a common foundation for scaling AIs impact across DoD,leading strategic data acquisition and introducing unified data stores,reusable tools,frameworks and standards,and cloud and edge services;Facilitate AI planning,policy,governance,ethics,safety,cybersecurity,and multilateral coordination;Attract and cultivate a world-class AI team to supply trusted subject matter expertise on AI capability delivery and to create new accelerated learning experiences in AI across DoD at all levels of professional education and training.To derive maximum value from AI applications throughout the Department,the JAIC will operate across the full AI application lifecycle,with an emphasis on near-term execution and AI adoption.This enables consistency of approach,technology,and tools for delivery-focused AI projects.The work of the JAIC will complement the efforts of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA),DoD laboratories,and other entities focused on longer-term technology creation and future AI research and development.The JAICs role across the AI application lifecycle is described in the following paragraphs.Identifying and delivering prototypes.The JAIC will work with teams across DoD to identify,prioritize,and select new AI mission initiatives systematically,and then execute an initial sequence of cross-functional use cases that demonstrate value and spur momentum.These“National Mission Initiatives”or“