路透社-2019年数字新闻报告（英文）-2019.7-156页.pdf

Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2019Nic Newman with Richard Fletcher,Antonis Kalogeropoulos,and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Reuters Institute for the Study of JournalismSupported bySurveyed byReuters Institute Digital News Report 2019 ContentsForeword by Rasmus Kleis Nielsen 5Methodology 6Authorship and Research Acknowledgements 7SECTION 1 Executive Summary and Key Findings by Nic Newman 9SECTION 2 Further Analysis and International Comparison 332.1 Paying for News and the Limits of Subscription 34 2.2 Groups and Private Networks Time Well Spent?38 2.3 The Rise of Populism and the Consequences for News and Media Use 422.4 What do People Think about the News Media?49 2.5 How Younger Generations Consume News Differently 552.6 Podcasts:Who,Why,What,and Where?60SECTION 3 Analysis by Country 65EUROPE 3.01 United Kingdom 68 3.02 Austria 703.03 Belgium 723.04 Bulgaria 743.05 Croatia 763.06 Czech Republic 783.07 Denmark 803.08 Finland 823.09 France 843.10 Germany 863.11 Greece 883.12 Hungary 903.13 Ireland 923.14 Italy 943.15 Netherlands 963.16 Norway 983.17 Poland 1003.18 Portugal 1023.19 Romania 1043.20 Slovakia 1063.21 Spain 1083.22 Sweden 1103.23 Switzerland 1123.24 Turkey 114AMERICAS 3.25 United States 1183.26 Argentina 1203.27 Brazil 1223.28 Canada 1243.29 Chile 1263.30 Mexico 128ASIA PACIFIC 3.31 Australia 1323.32 Hong Kong 1343.33 Japan 1363.34 Malaysia 1383.35 Singapore 1403.36 South Korea 1423.37 Taiwan 144AFRICA 3.38 South Africa 148SECTION 4 References 152Selected Publications 153Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism /Digital News Report 2019 4Foreword Professor Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Director,Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism(RISJ)Journalism exists in the context of its audience,and if journalists(and those who care about journalism)are to understand and navigate the changing environment around news,it is critically important that they have access to relevant,robust,independent evidence and analysis on how people across countries engage with and use news.That is what we aim to provide in the Reuters Institute Digital News Report,here in its eighth annual iteration.The report provides important new insights into key issues including peoples willingness to pay for news,the move to private messaging applications and groups,and how people see news media around the world performing their role.The report is based on a survey of more than 75,000 people in 38 markets,along with additional qualitative research,which together make it the most comprehensive ongoing comparative study of news consumption in the world.Europe remains a key focus,with 24 countries included,but we also cover seven markets in Asia(Japan,South Korea,Taiwan,Hong Kong,Malaysia,Singapore,and Australia)along with four Latin American countries(Brazil,Argentina,Chile,and Mexico)as well as the United States and Canada.We are also delighted to include South Africa for the first time this year,following on from our first stand-alone India Digital News Report,published earlier this year,part of our effort to make our research more truly global.The report has expanded more than sevenfold since its creation,from five countries in 2012 to 38 this year,and as we work to make the report more fully global,we are proud to have been able to add more from the South this year.As we use online polling and need to make meaningful comparisons,we continue to focus on countries with high internet penetration and which are either broadly democratic or generally compare themselves to countries with a democratic tradition.(We have kept India separate from the main Digital News Report for this reason internet use is not yet widespread enough there to make our online sample directly comparable to the countries covered here.)This years report comes amid a complex set of challenges for the news industry specifically and for our media environment more broadly,including the ongoing disruption of inherited business models for news,constant evolution in how people use digital media(and the ways in which we are constantly reminded of how some of the information they come across is untrustworthy and sometimes spread with malicious intent),and social upheaval associated with the rise of populism and with low trust in many institutions.As with previous reports we shed light on the questions these developments raise through a combination of survey data,qualitative research,and intelligence from expert contributors across all of our countries.We have also looked in much more detail at the news and media habits of younger people who have grown up with digital media and products and services like Facebook and YouTube and differ in important ways from older generations.We conducted a series of in-depth interviews and tracking studies in the United Kingdom and the United States that we draw on in the relevant sections here and we will publish a full report on the topic later in the year.A report of this scale and scope is only possible due to collaboration from our partners and sponsors around the world.We are proud to have the opportunity to work with a number of leading academics and top universities in the report,as well as media experts from the news industry itself.Our partners have helped in a variety of different ways,from preparing country profiles to in-depth analysis of the results.Given the richness of the research,this report can only convey a small part of the data collected and work done.More detail is available on our website(www.digitalnewsreport.org),which contains slidepacks and charts,along with a licence that encourages reuse,subject to attribution to the Reuters Institute.On the website,there is also a full description of our survey methodology,the full questionnaire,and an interactive charting feature,which allows data to be compared across countries,and over time.Raw data tables are also available on request along with documentation for reuse.Making all this possible,we are hugely grateful to our sponsors:Google,BBC News,Ofcom,the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland,the Dutch Media Authority(CvdM),the Media Industry Research Foundation of Finland,the Fritt Ord Foundation in Norway,the Korea Press Foundation,Edelman UK,as well as our academic sponsors at the Hans Bredow Institute,the University of Navarra,the University of Canberra,the Centre dtudes sur les mdias,Qubec,Canada,and Roskilde University in Denmark.The Open Society Foundations has joined as our newest sponsor,allowing us to expand the report to cover South Africa(and has committed to supporting the inclusion of additional countries in the global south next year).We are also grateful to YouGov,our polling company,who did everything possible to accommodate our increasingly complex requirements and helped our research team analyse and contextualise the data./5 4MethodologyThis study has been commissioned by the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism to understand how news is being consumed in a range of countries.Research was conducted by YouGov using an online questionnaire at the end of January/beginning of February 2019.Samples in each country were assembled using nationally representative quotas for age,gender,region,and education.1 The data were also weighted to targets based on census/industry accepted data.As this survey deals with news consumption,we filtered out anyone who said that they had not consumed any news in the past month,in order to ensure that irrelevant responses didnt adversely affect data quality.This category averaged around 3%.We should note that online samples will tend to under-represent the consumption habits of people who are not online(typically older,less affluent,and with limited formal education).In this sense it is better to think of results as representative of online populations who use news at least once a month.In a country like Norway this is almost everyone(99%)but in South Africa this is around half(54%).These differences mean we need to be cautious when comparing results between countries.We have marked countries with lower internet penetration or less representative online samples with an asterisk(*)in the table below and have been careful in the report not to directly compare these countries on issues where we know that the sample difference would make results invalid(e.g.paying for news).It is also important to note that online surveys rely on recall,which is often imperfect or subject to biases.We have tried to mitigate these risks through careful questionnaire design and testing.On the other hand,surveys can be a good way of capturing fragmented media consumption across platforms(e.g.social media,messaging,apps,and websites),and tracking activities and changes over time.1 Education quotas were not applied(or not fully applied)in Brazil,Mexico,South Africa,Malaysia,Romania,Bulgaria,Croatia,Greece,and Turkey so these samples will have a higher proportion of highly educated people than the general population.It is important to note that some of our survey-based results will not match industry data,which are often based on very different methodologies,such as web-tracking.The accuracy of these approaches can be very high,but they are also subject to different limitations,meaning that data can also be partial or incomplete.We will often look at this data to sense check our results or help identify potential problems with our survey data before publication.On occasions we will include industry data as supporting evidence with appropriate attribution.Each year we also commission some qualitative research to support and complement the survey.This year,we worked with Flamingo,an international market research company,to look in detail at the habits and behaviours of younger groups in the United States and United Kingdom.The methodology included tracking actual online behaviour of 20 participants for several weeks,in-depth interviews,and small group discussions with their friends.Insights and quotes from this research are used to support this years Digital News Report but will also form a separate report to be published in September.Along with country-based figures,throughout the report we also use aggregate figures based on responses from all respondents across all the countries covered.These figures are meant only to indicate overall tendencies and should be treated with caution.Due to a scripting error we needed to repoll respondents for one question in Norway about the use of social networks for news.1,387 of the original 2,000 sample responded to the recontact request and the results are included on the Norway country page.A fuller description of the methodology,panel partners,and a discussion of non-probability sampling techniques can be found on our website along with the full questionnaire(digitalnewsreport.org)CountryFinal sample sizeInternet penetration EuropeUK202395%Austria201088%Belgium200894%Bulgaria*201866%Croatia200991%Czech Republic202388%Denmark201197%Finland200994%France200593%Germany202296%Greece201870%Hungary200789%Ireland201393%CountryFinal sample sizeInternet penetrationItaly200692%Netherlands202696%Norway201399%Poland200978%Portugal201078%Romania200474%Slovakia204585%Spain200593%Sweden200797%Switzerland200391%Turkey*207468%AmericasUSA201296%Argentina200693%CountryFinal sample sizeInternet penetrationBrazil*201371%Canada205590%Chile200478%Mexico*201565%Asia PacificAustralia201088%Hong Kong205687%Japan201793%Malaysia*210178%Singapore203384%South Korea203593%Taiwan100588%AfricaSouth Africa*200954%Source:Internet World Stats(http:/).Please note that in Argentina,Brazil,Chile,Greece,Mexico,South Africa and Turkey our samples tend to be based more around urban areas,which should be taken into consideration when interpreting results.*These countries have lower internet penetration so results may not be comparable for some measures.Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism /Digital News Report 2019 6Authorship and research acknowledgementsProfessor Rasmus Kleis Nielsen is Director of the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism,Professor of Political Communication at the University of Oxford,and served as Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Press/Politics from 2015 to 2018.His work focuses on changes in the news media,political communication,and the role of digital technologies in both.Nic Newman is Senior Research Associate at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism and is also a consultant on digital media,working actively with news companies on product,audience,and business strategies for digital transition.He also writes an annual report for the Institute on future media and technology trends.Dr Richard Fletcher is a Research Fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.He is primarily interested in global trends in digital news consumption,the use of social media by journalists and news organisations,and more broadly,the relationship between computer-based technologies and journalism.Dr Antonis Kalogeropoulos is a Research Fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.His doctoral work was focused on the effects of exposure to economic news.His research interests include political communication,journalism,and audience research.Country-level commentary and additional insight around media developments have been provided by academic partners and by our network of Reuters Journalist Fellows around the world.2 Authorship is referenced at the bottom of the respective country page in Section 3.Additional expert analysis and interpretation of the survey data were provided by Anne Schulz at the Reuters Institute,and by the team at YouGov,in particular Charlotte Clifford,Justin Marshall,Sloane Francis Grant,Lucie Larboulette,David Eastbury,Stephanie Frost,and Anna Wilson.2 Reuters Fellowships offer an opportunity to mid-career journalists to spend time researching an aspect of journalism for one or more terms at the Institute in Oxford./7 6Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism /Digital News Report 2019 8Section 1Executive Summary and Key FindingsNic Newman Senior Research Associate,Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism/9 8This years report comes against the backdrop of rising populism,political and economic instability,along with intensifying concerns about giant tech companies and their impact on society.News organisations have taken the lead in reporting these trends,but also find themselves challenged by them further depressing an industry reeling from more than a decade of digital disruption.Platform power and the ruthless efficiency of their advertising operations has undermined news business models contributing to a series of high-profile layoffs in traditional(Gannett)and digital media(Mic,BuzzFeed)in the early part of 2019.Political polarisation has encouraged the growth of partisan agendas online,which together with clickbait and various forms of misinformation is helping to further undermine trust in media raising new questions about how to deliver balan