SC-2019年全球儿童年度报告（英文）-2019.6-68页.pdf

CHANGING LIVESIN OUR LIFETIMEGLOBAL CHILDHOOD REPORT 2019G L O B A L C H I L D H O O D R E P O R T 2 0 1 9#SAVE THE CHILDRENPhoto:Victoria Zegler/Save the Children1 Introduction4 End of Childhood Index Results 2000 vs.20199 10 Factors Driving Change for Children Since 200013 More Children Are Healthy and Surviving to Age 516 Fewer Children Suffer Malnutrition that Causes Stunting19 More Children Are Attending School and Learning23 Fewer Children Are Forced into Work26 Fewer Children Are Married Before Age 1829 Fewer Girls Are Becoming Mothers32 Fewer Children Are Being Murdered35 More Children Are Suffering Due to Conflict41 Recommendations47 Progress Rankings 2000-201949 End of Childhood Index Rankings 201950 Complete End of Childhood Index 201954 Methodology and Research Notes59 Endnotes64 AcknowledgementsSome names of parents and children have been changed to protect identities.CONTENTSGLOBAL CHILDHOOD REPORT#increase.Finding ways to fulfill childrens health,education and protection rights in conflict zones is central to the challenge of ensuring every child has the childhood they deserve.WHAT DRIVES PROGRESS?In the 1990s,Save the Children pioneered a radical approach to making change that came to be known as“positive deviance.”The approach was based on the idea that within every community,there are some people who,with the same resources and constraints as everyone else,do things differently and achieve better results than the norm.Their children are healthier,better educated or bet-ter protected than one would expect,given the challenges they face.Learning from these success stories proved to be In commemoration of its founding 100 years ago,Save the Children is releasing its third annual Global Childhood Report to celebrate progress for children.We examine the major reasons why childhood comes to an early end,and find significantly fewer children suffering ill-health,malnutrition,exclusion from education,child labor,child marriage,early pregnancy and violent death.In the year 2000,an estimated 970 million children were robbed of their childhoods due to these causes.That number today has been reduced to 690 million2 meaning at least 280 million children are better off today than they would have been two decades ago.A comparison of End of Childhood Index scores finds the overall situation for children has improved in 173 out of 176 countries since 2000.This is welcome news and it shows that investments and policies are working to lift up many of our children.Tremendous progress for children is taking place in some of the poorest countries in the world,providing ever-increasing evidence that development work is paying huge dividends in countries where needs are greatest.Drilling down to look at the individual indicators in the index,we find countries have made impressive progress in fulfilling childrens rights by reducing under-5 mortality.Countries have also made substantial progress in enrolling children in school and reducing malnutrition,child labor and child marriage.Progress in these areas has resulted in millions fewer children missing out on childhood.However,the world has made less progress in reducing adolescent births and child homicide,and there has been no progress at all in reducing the number of children living in areas of violence and conflict.In fact,the number of children living in war zones or forced to flee their homes due to conflict has skyrocketed since 2000.Today,1 child in 4 is being denied the right to a childhood a time of life that should be safe for growing,learning and playing.These stolen childhoods are increasingly concentrated in the worlds conflict zones.As noted above,of the eight indicators we examine,displacement due to conflict is the only one that is on the rise.There are 30.5 million more forcibly displaced people now than there were in 2000,an 80 percent IntroductionChildren born today have a better chance than at any time in history to grow up healthy,educated and protected,with the opportunity to reach their full potential.Even a generation ago,a child was twice as likely to die before reaching age 5,70 percent more likely to be involved in child labor and 20 percent more likely to be murdered.1 GLOBAL CHILDHOOD REPORT 1HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS OF CHILDREN HAVE BEEN SAVEDGlobal progress has saved millions of childhoods since the year 2000.Now1 there are:4.4 million fewer child deaths per year 49 million fewer stunted children 115 million fewer children out of school 94 million fewer child laborers 11 million fewer married girls 3 million fewer teen births per year 12,000 fewer child homicides per year2 SAVE THE CHILDRENa powerful tool to improve the well-being of children and communities,and also the effectiveness of organizations.In our centennial year,we are paying tribute to this innovative idea,and using it to identify countries that are achieving better than average progress for children.By looking at the strategies employed successfully within these countries,we find inspiration to inform work elsewhere.Even in the poorest countries in the world,there are many examples of extraordinary progress.This is a clear demon-stration that,when the right steps are taken,“development works.”Building on this evidence,this report makes a powerful case for greater investment in child-sensitive development.Success stories in this report illustrate some of the strate-gies that are working to save children around the world.They include:strengthening legal frameworks,improving health systems,investing in education,improving household incomes,and empowering teenagers to make life choices that set them on a path to realize their full potential.The moral case for investing in children is compelling.In a world so rich in resources,know-how and technology,it is unacceptable that we allow todays levels of child deprivation to continue.Lost childhoods are a result of choices that exclude partic-ular groups of children by design or neglect.A childs experi-ence of childhood is largely determined by the care and protection they receive,or fail to receive,from adults.The Convention on the Rights of the Child affirms childrens right to survival,food and nutrition,health and shelter.Children also have the right to be educated,both formally and informally.They have the right to live free from fear and discrimination,safe from violence,and protected from abuse and exploitation.And they have a right to be heard and to participate in deci-sions that affect them.3In 2015,world leaders gathered at the United Nations to make a bold commitment to end poverty in all its forms by 2030 and protect the planet for future generations.Taken together,the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)they established paint a vision of a future in which all children enjoy their rights to health,education and protection the building blocks of childhood.4 Crucially,signatories to the SUCCESS STORIESThis report includes case studies of countries that have made strong progress in improving childrens well-being in recent decades.For example:Bangladesh has achieved remarkable reductions in under-5 mortality following sustained investments in health.Ethiopia has dramatically lowered the prevalence of stunting through a package of interventions to improve childrens nutrition.Mexico has greatly reduced the proportion of children involved in child labor by investing in education and poverty reduction.Philippines achieved an impressive rise in the number of children enrolled in school by offering incentives and flexible options.India has greatly reduced child marriage through legal re-forms,programs to educate and empower girls,and public awareness campaigns.Afghanistan has slashed its adolescent birth rate by increasing girls education and improving health services,with donor assistance.Colombia is making good gains to reduce violence against children through public investments in safety and programs for at-risk youth.Photo:Veejay Villafranca/Save the Childrenagreement promised to ensure this would happen for all seg-ments of society regardless of income,geography,gender or identity.And they promised that those who are furthest behind the most excluded in society would be reached first.This pledge to leave no one behind must be upheld.Only then will we realize its potential to transform the lives of mil-lions of children across the world,guaranteeing every last child the childhood they deserve.WHAT HAS CHANGED IN 100 YEARS?Millions of children are alive and thriving today because of medical and technological advances we tend to take for granted.Break-through discoveries of vaccines to prevent childhood diseases,coupled with better care for mothers and babies,have saved countless lives and improved overall health.The world has also made good progress in building human and institutional capacity to deliver lifesaving solutions to the hardest to reach and most vulnerable children.But perhaps the most important change in the last 100 years is in how we think about children.In 1919,when Eglantyne Jebb founded Save the Children,her conviction that children have a right to food,health care,education and protection from exploitation was not a mainstream idea.The Declaration on the Rights of the Child,drafted by Jebb,was adopted by the League of Nations in 1924.It asserted these rights for all children and made it the duty of the international community to put childrens rights in the forefront of planning.The Convention on the Rights of the Child,which was adopted in 1989 and has been ratified by all but one country,further changed the way children are viewed and treated as human beings with a distinct set of rights,instead of as passive objects of care and charity.As these visionary frameworks have gained acceptance,public opinion about children has been slowly but steadily shifting worldwide.For example,more people around the world now believe children belong in school,not toiling in fields and factories.And more governments have enacted laws to prevent child labor and child marriage,and to make school free and mandatory for all children,regardless of their gender,race,refugee status or special needs.The world has come a long way in 100 years,but we still have a long way to go to en-sure every child,everywhere,grows up healthy,educated and protected from harm.In the 1920s in Hungary,these children and their six siblings had lost their mother and were suffering from rickets.GLOBAL CHILDHOOD REPORT 3Photo:Save the Children4 SAVE THE CHILDRENbottom 10 countries are low-income and six of the bottom 10 are fragile and conflict-affected states.5 In these and The 10 bottom-ranked countries eight from West and Central Africa are a reverse image of the top,performing poorly on most indicators.Children in these countries are the least likely to fully experience childhood,a time that should be dedicated to emotional,social and physical devel-opment,as well as play.Low index rankings also highlight the challenges of armed conflict and poverty.Nine of the End of Childhood Index Results 2000 vs.2019Save the Childrens third annual End of Childhood Index compares the latest data for 176 countries more than any other year and assesses where the most and fewest children are missing out on childhood.Singapore tops the ranking with a score of 989.Eight Western European countries and South Korea also rank in the top 10,attaining very high scores for childrens health,education and protection status.Central African Republic ranks last among countries surveyed,scoring 394.WHAT DO THE SCORES MEAN?End of Childhood Index scores for countries are calcu-lated on a scale of 1 to 1,000.The scores measure the extent to which children in each country experience“childhood enders”such as death,severe malnutrition,being out of school and shouldering the burdens of adult roles in work,marriage and motherhood.Heres a quick guide on how to interpret country scores:940 or above Few children missing out on childhood760 to 939 Some children missing out on childhood600 to 759 Many children missing out on childhood380 to 599 Most children missing out on childhood379 or below Nearly all children missing out on childhoodFor more details,see the Methodology and Research Notes beginning on page 54.2019 END OF CHILDHOOD INDEX RANKINGS RANK COUNTRY RANK COUNTRY 1 Singapore 167 Burkina Faso 2 Sweden 168 DR Congo 3 Finland 169 Guinea 3 Norway 170 Nigeria 3 Slovenia 171 Somalia 6 Germany 172 South Sudan 6 Ireland 173 Mali 8 Italy 174 Chad 8 South Korea 175 Niger 10 Belgium 176 Central African RepublicBOTTOM 10Where childhood is most threatenedTOP 10Where childhood is most protected4 SAVE THE CHILDRENGLOBAL CHILDHOOD REPORT 5176 countries are doing better at giving their children full and stable childhoods.The most dramatic progress has been among some of the worlds poorest countries.These successes show that poverty does not have to be a barrier to progress,and political choices can matter more than national wealth.Sierra Leone has achieved a 246-point increase in its index score since 2000,rising from 345 to 591.Two decades after the end of the 11-year civil war,and just a few years after a devastating Ebola outbreak,the country has made strong gains for children on almost all indicators.Child mar-riage is down nearly 60 percent.Under-5 mortality has been cut by more than half(53 percent).Child labor is down by at least 40 percent.Fewer children are stunted and there are fewer teen births(rates for both are down by about 30 per-cent).Child homicide declined 20 percent.But,by far,the greatest progress is that fewer families are affected by con-flict.In 2000,1 in every 5 people in Sierra Leone had been forcibly displaced from home.Today,that figure is 1 in 700 a 99 percent reduction.many other countries around the world,children are robbed of significant portions of their childhoods.The United States,China and Russia may be the three most powerful countries in the world in terms of their eco-nomic,military and technological strength and global influ-ence but all three badly trail most of Western Europe in helping children reach their full potential.China and the U.S.are tied for 36th place,and Russia ranks 38th.Their scores are 941,941 and 940,respectively at least 30 points behind most Western European countries.China has made the most progress of the three in recent decades,steadily improving conditions for its children,while Russia and the U.S.have made less progress.GREAT GLOBAL PROGRESS FOR CHILDREN Save the Children took a look back at the data for the year 2000 and found a remarkable story of progress,in almost every country,in just one generation.A comparison of End of Childhood Index scores for 2000 and 2019 shows 173 out of END OF CHILDHOOD INDEX SCORES ARE BETTER NOW IN ALL REGIONS1,000900800700600500400End of Childhood Index Score20002019*Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent StatesCEE/CIS*East Asia and PacificMiddle East and North AfricaLatin America and