UNESCO-2019世界水发展报告（英文版）-2019.7-202页.pdf

LEAVINGNO ONE BEHINDThe United Nations World Water Development Report 2019 Empowered lives.Resilient nations.UNECE,UNECLAC,UNESCAP,UNESCWAWorld Water Assessment ProgrammeUnited NationsEducational,Scientific andCultural OrganizationSustainable Development Goalswater andsanitationUnited NationsEducational,Scientific andCultural Organization LEAVINGNO ONE BEHINDThe United Nations World Water Development Report 2019 Published in 2019 by the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization,7,Place de Fontenoy,75352 Paris 07 SP,France UNESCO 2019This report is published by UNESCO on behalf of UN-Water.The list of UN-Water Members and Partners can be found on the following website:www.unwater.org.ISBN 978-92-3-100309-7This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO(CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO)license(creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/).By using the content of this publication,the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository(www.unesco.org/open-access/termsuse-ccbysa-en).The present licence applies exclusively to the text content of the publication.For the use of any material not clearly identified as belonging to UNESCO,prior permission shall be requested from the copyright owner.The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country,territory,city or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors;they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization.The contents were contributed by the UN-Water Members and Partners listed on the title pages of the chapters therein.UNESCO and the UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme(WWAP)are not responsible for errors in the content provided or for discrepancies in data and content between contributed chapters.WWAP provided the opportunity for individuals to be listed as authors and contributors or to be acknowledged in this publication.WWAP is not responsible for any omissions in this regard.Chapters 2 and 10:The views expressed in these chapters are those of the author(s).Their inclusion does not imply endorsement by the United Nations University.Chapter 9:by Chantal Demilecamps(as co-author);contributors of Chapter 4:Alistair Rieu-Clarke,Sonja Koeppel and Nataliya Nikiforova United Nations 2019Suggested citation:WWAP(UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme).2019.The United Nations World Water Development Report 2019:Leaving No One Behind.Paris,UNESCO.Original cover design by Phoenix Design AidPrinted by UNESCO,Paris.This publication is printed in vegetable inks on FSC Mixed Sources paper,supporting responsible use of forest reserves,100%recycled,acid-free and chlorine-free.vContentsForeword by Audrey Azoulay,Director-General of UNESCO viiiForeword by Gilbert F.Houngbo,Chair of UN-Water and President of IFAD ixPreface xWWDR 2019 Team xiiAcknowledgements xiiiExecutive summary 1Prologue 10Introduction 11Section 1 The state of the worlds water resources 13Section 2 Water supply,sanitation and hygiene 18Section 3 Socio-economic development indicators 21Chapter 1The human rights to water and sanitation and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 341.1 Introduction 351.2 The human rights to water and sanitation 361.3 Groups and individuals left behind in terms of access to water and sanitation 381.4 Human rights-based approach to integrated water resources management(IWRM)411.5 Links between the human rights to water and sanitation and other human rights 43Chapter 2Physical and environmental dimensions 442.1 Water-provisioning systems 452.2 Sanitation 532.3 Disaster risk reduction 562.4 Conclusions 57Chapter 3 Social dimensions 583.1 Introduction 593.2 Impediments to implementing the rights to water and sanitation 603.3 Inequalities related to finance,infrastructure and beyond 653.4 Supporting the implementation of the human rights to water and sanitation 67viThe United Nations World Water Development Report 2019Chapter 4Political,legal and institutional dimensions 72 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 Policy,politics and processes 74 4.3 Walking the talk:Implementing plans and policies 78Chapter 5Economic dimensions of WASH services 84 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Providing WASH to vulnerable and disadvantaged groups:A costbenefit analysis 86 5.3 Affordability 87 5.4 Increasing efficiency and reducing unit costs 89 5.5 Designing subsidies and tariffs 90 5.6 Funding and financing:Mobilizing commercial sources of investment 92 5.7 Conclusions 95Chapter 6Cities,urbanization and informal settlements 96 6.1 Defining who are left behind in urban settings 97 6.2 Challenges of monitoring inequalities in service 98 6.3 Mapping and data collection in informal settlements 99 6.4 Integrated urban planning and community engagement 100 6.5 Costs of service provision in high-density low-income urban settlements 101 6.6 Attracting sustainable investment at the local level 102 6.7 Financing WASH in urban settings 103 6.8 Centralized vs.decentralized urban water supply and sanitation systems 103 6.9 Conclusions and policy recommendations 104Chapter 7Rural poverty 106 7.1 Introduction:Three paradoxes to better understand rural poverty and water 107 7.2 Emerging challenges 109 7.3 Promoting pro-poor multisectoral policies 115vii Chapter 8Refugees and forced displacement crises 115 8.1 Refugees and forced displacement:A global challenge 117 8.2 Marginalization of the displaced:Main drivers 119 8.3 Providing displaced people with access to water and sanitation 121 8.4 Fragile states and states in fragile situations 126Chapter 9Regional perspectives 128 9.1 The Arab region 129 9.2 Asia and the Pacific 132 9.3 Europe and North America 135 9.4 Latin American and the Caribbean 138 9.5 Sub-Saharan Africa 142Chapter 10Strategies and response options for inclusive development 146 10.1 Introduction 147 10.2 Enhancing water supply and improving accessibility 147 10.3 Addressing the investment gap 148 10.4 Knowledge and capacity development 150 10.5 Governance 151 10.6 Roles and responsibilities in realizing the human rights to water and sanitation 153Chapter 11The way forward 156 Coda 159References 160Abbreviations and acronyms 180Boxes,figures and tables 182Photo credits 186viiiThe United Nations World Water Development Report 2019ForewordAccess to water is a human right:it is vital for the dignity of each and every individual.The 2019 edition of the World Water Development Report focuses on the theme of“Leaving No One Behind”.It argues that fulfilling the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation for all can also significantly contribute to the achievement of the broad set of goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development:from food and energy security,to economic development and environmental sustainability.Based on the latest data,this reports findings clearly illustrate the need to make substantial progress towards delivering on the 2030 Agenda promise of reaching the most vulnerable.The stakes are high:nearly a third of the global population do not use safely managed drinking water services and only two fifths have access to safely managed sanitation services.The intensification of environmental degradation,climate change,population growth and rapid urbanisation among other factors also pose considerable challenges to water security.Furthermore,in an increasingly globalised world,the impact of water-related decisions cross borders and affect everyone.At the current pace of progress,billions of people will remain unable to enjoy their right to access to water and sanitation and the multiple benefits that such access can provide.Yet,this report concludes these objectives are entirely achievable,so long as there is a collective will to do so,entailing new efforts to include those left behind in decision-making processes.This latest Report,coordinated by UNESCO,is the result of a collaborative effort of the UN-Water Family and was made possible thanks to the long-standing support of the Government of Italy and the Umbria Region,to whom we are extremely grateful.I am convinced that the 2019 edition will spur action and help support Member States in making informed decisions to build more resilient,more peaceful communities,leaving no one behind.by Audrey Azoulay,Director-General of UNESCOAudrey Azoulayix Forewordby Gilbert F.Houngbo,Chair of UN-Water and President of the International Fund for Agriculture DevelopmentThe 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development calls on us to transform our world and leave no one behind.The 2019 edition of the United Nations World Water Development Report demonstrates how improving the management of water resources,providing access to safe and affordable drinking water and sanitation for all contribute to the goals that underpin the 2030 Agenda.Water for all is essential for eradicating poverty,building peaceful and prosperous societies and reducing inequality.The numbers speak for themselves.As the Report shows,if the degradation of the natural environment and the unsustainable pressure on global water resources continue at current rates,45%of global Gross Domestic Product and 40%of global grain production will be at risk by 2050.Poor and marginalized populations will be disproportionately affected,further exacerbating already rising inequalities.The 2019 edition looks at different dimensions of inequality linked to food and nutrition,disasters and migration,drawing on data and information from the UN family and others.For example:if women had the same access as men to productive resources including land and water,they could increase yields on their farms by 20 to 30%,raising total agricultural output in these countries by 2.5 to 4%.This could reduce the number of hungry people in the world by around 12 to 17%.Further,the overall risk of being displaced by disasters has doubled since the 1970s.The depletion of water and other natural resources is increasingly recognized as a driver of displacement that triggers internal and international migration.The 2019 Report provides evidence of the need to adapt approaches,in both policy and practice,to address the causes of exclusion and inequality.This is key to ensuring the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.To build knowledge and inspire people to take action,UN-Water commissions UN-Water publications such as the UN World Water Development Report drawing on the experience and expertise of UN-Water Members and Partners.Thanks are due to all my colleagues,and especially to UNESCO for coordinating the production of this Report that will contribute to greater sustainability and resilience,and to creating a world where no one is left behind.Gilbert F.HoungboxThe United Nations World Water Development Report 2019PrefaceThe 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development sets a series of ambitious challenges for the global community.These Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)include targets for access to safe drinking water and sanitation and better water management,as well as goals for addressing inequality and discrimination,including the overarching aims of leaving no one behind and reaching the furthest behind first.These are challenges that,to date,have proven difficult to meet,partly because they are complex,but also due to political inertia.The global context for this agenda may be characterized as crisis is the new normal,with political insecurity,social,economic and environmental challenges on a daunting scale.This calls for redoubled efforts and carefully selected approaches towards achieving transformative change.The issues underlying both water-related goals and leaving no one behind intersect in several ways.Both water supply and sanitation,and issues of equality for all people and for specific disadvantaged groups in particular,are recognized through international human rights instruments and agreements.However,these have not been enough to bring about the necessary changes.To some extent,the issues share both root causes and similar challenges.The same people who are being left behind are those who could benefit most from improved access to water and sanitation.Improved access to water and sanitation,water management and governance,and the multiple benefits they bring,can contribute significantly to positive transformation for marginalized people.Benefits include better health,savings in time and money,dignity,improved access to food and energy,and greater opportunities in terms of education,employment and livelihoods.These benefits,directly and indirectly,separately and in combination,contribute to improving the lives of all,but can be particularly transformative for people in vulnerable situations.At the same time,engaging with marginalized groups can enhance the achievement and sustainability of water-related goals.This process of engagement can also be transformative in giving a voice to those rarely heard,in turn creating space for vital water-related knowledge and experience that might otherwise be lost.As the sixth in a series of annual,thematic reports,the 2019 edition of the United Nations World Water Development Report(WWDR)examines how improved water resource management and access to water supply and sanitation services can help address the causes and alleviate the impacts of poverty and social inequity.It provides insights and guidance in helping identify who is being left behind,and describes how existing frameworks and mandates,such as the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs and human rights-based approaches,can help reach the furthest first,through improved water management.The report assesses the issues and offers potential responses from technical,social,institutional and financial perspectives,while taking account of the many different challenges faced in rural and urban settings.With the world witnessing the highest levels of human displacement on record,an entire chapter has been dedicated to the exceptional challenges faced by refugees and forcibly displaced people with respect to water and sanitation.by Stefan Uhlenbrook,UNESCO WWAP Coordinatorand Richard Connor,Editor in Chiefxi We have endeavoured to produce a balanced,fact-based and neutral account of the current state of knowledge,covering the most recent developments,and highlighting the challenges and opportunities provided by improved water management in the context of human development.Although primarily targeted at national-level decision-makers and water resources managers,as well as academics and the broader development community,we hope this report will also be well received by those interested in poverty alleviation,humanitarian crises,human rights and the 2030 Agenda.This latest edition of the WWDR is the result of a concerted effort between the Chapter