saveas:101-200Transistorcircuits.pdfGoto:1-100TransistorCircuitsGoto:100ICCircuits86CIRCUITSasof28-5-2011SeeTALKINGELECTRONICSWEBSITEemailColinMitchell:talking@tpg.com.auINTRODUCTIONThisisthesecondhalfofourTransistorCircuitse-book.Itcontainsafurther100circuits,withmanyofthemcontainingoneormoreIntegratedCircuits(ICs).It'samazingwhatyoucandowithtransistorsbutwhenIntegratedCircuitscamealong,thewholefieldofelectronicsexploded.IC'scanhandlebothanalogueaswellasdigitalsignalsbutbeforetheirarrival,nearlyallcircuitswereanalogueorverysimple"digital"switchingcircuits.Let'sexplainwhatwemean.Thewordanalogueisawaveformorsignalthatischanging(increasinganddecreasing)ataconstantornonconstantrate.Examplesarevoice,music,tones,soundsandfrequencies.Equipmentsuchasradios,TV'sandamplifiersprocessanaloguesignals.Thendigitalcamealong.Digitalissimilartoaswitchturningsomethingonandoff.Theadvantageofdigitalistwo-fold.Firstlyitisaveryreliableandaccuratewaytosendasignal.ThesignaliseitherHIGHorLOW(ONorOFF).Itcannotbehalf-onoronequarteroff.Andsecondly,acircuitthatisON,consumestheleastamountofenergyinthecontrollingdevice.Inotherwords,atransistorthatisfullyturnedONanddrivingamotor,dissipatestheleastamountofheat.IfitisslightlyturnedONornearlyfullyturnedON,itgetsveryhot.Andobviouslyatransistorthatisnotturnedonatallwillconsumenoenergy.AtransistorthatturnsONfullyandOFFfullyiscalledaSWITCH.Whentwotransistorsarecross-coupledintheformofaflipflop,anypulsesenteringthecircuitcauseittoflipandflopandtheoutputgoesHIGHoneverysecondpulse.Thismeansthecircuithalvestheinputpulsesandisthebasisofcountingordividing.DigitalcircuitsalsointroducetheconceptoftwoinputscreatingaHIGHoutputwhenbothareHIGHandvariationsofthis.Thisiscalled"logic"andintroducestermssuchas"Booleanalgebra"and"gates."IntegratedCircuitsstartedwithafewtransistorsineach"chip"andincreasedtowholeminiormicrocomputersinasinglechip.ThesechipsarecalledMicrocontrollersandasinglechipwithafewsurroundingcomponentscanbeprogrammedtoplaygames,monitorheart-rateanddo...
