Transistor Circuits_101-200.pdf

save as:101-200 Transistor circuits.pdf Go to:1-100 Transistor Circuits Go to:100 IC Circuits86 CIRCUITS as of 28-5-2011 See TALKING ELECTRONICS WEBSITE email Colin Mitchell:.auINTRODUCTIONThis is the second half of our Transistor Circuits e-book.It contains a further 100 circuits,with many of them containing one or more Integrated Circuits(ICs).Its amazing what you can do with transistors but when Integrated Circuits came along,the whole field of electronics exploded.ICs can handle both analogue as well as digital signals but before their arrival,nearly all circuits were analogue or very simple digital switching circuits.Lets explain what we mean.The word analogue is a waveform or signal that is changing(increasing and decreasing)at a constant or non constant rate.Examples are voice,music,tones,sounds and frequencies.Equipment such as radios,TVs and amplifiers process analogue signals.Then digital came along.Digital is similar to a switch turning something on and off.The advantage of digital is two-fold.Firstly it is a very reliable and accurate way to send a signal.The signal is either HIGH or LOW (ON or OFF).It cannot be half-on or one quarter off.And secondly,a circuit that is ON,consumes the least amount of energy in the controlling device.In other words,a transistor that is fully turned ON and driving a motor,dissipates the least amount of heat.If it is slightly turned ON or nearly fully turned ON,it gets very hot.And obviously a transistor that is not turned on at all will consume no energy.A transistor that turns ON fully and OFF fully is called a SWITCH.When two transistors are cross-coupled in the form of a flip flop,any pulses entering the circuit cause it to flip and flop and the output goes HIGH on every second pulse.This means the circuit halves the input pulses and is the basis of counting or dividing.Digital circuits also introduce the concept of two inputs creating a HIGH output when both are HIGH and variations of this.This is called logic and introduces terms such as Boolean algebra and gates.Integrated Circuits started with a few transistors in each chip and increased to whole mini or micro computers in a single chip.These chips are called Microcontrollers and a single chip with a few surrounding components can be programmed to play games,monitor heart-rate and do all sorts of amazing things.Because they can process information at high speed,the end result can appear to have intelligence and this is where we are heading:AI(Artificial Intelligence).But lets crawl before we walk and come to understand how to interface some of these chips to external components.In this Transistor Circuits ebook,we have presented about 100 interesting circuits using transistors and chips.In most cases the IC will contain 10-100 transistors,cost less than the individual components and take up much less board-space.They also save a lot of circuit designing and quite often consume less current than discrete components.In all,they are a fantastic way to get something working with the least componentry.A list of of Integrated Circuits(Chips)is provided at the end of this book to help you identify the pins and show you what is inside the chip.Some of the circuits are available from Talking Electronics as a kit,but others will have to be purchased as individual components from your local electronics store.Electronics is such an enormous field that we cannot provide kits for everything.But if you have a query about one of the circuits,you can contact me.Colin Mitchell TALKING ELECTRONICS.auTo save space we have not provided lengthy explanations of how the circuits work.This has already been covered in TALKING ELECTRONICS Basic Electronics Course,and can be obtained on a CD for$10.00(posted to anywhere in the world)See Talking Electronics website for more details:http:/MORE INTROThere are two ways to learn electronics.One is to go to school and study theory for 4 years and come out with all the theoretical knowledge in the world but almost no practical experience.We know this type of person.We employed them(for a few weeks!).They think everything they design WILL WORK because their university professor said so.The other way is to build circuit after circuit and get things to work.You may not know the in-depth theory of how it works but trial and error gets you there.We know.We employed this type of person for up to 12 years.I am not saying one is better than the other but most electronics enthusiasts are not book worms and anyone can succeed in this field by constantly applying themselves with constructing projects.You actually learn 10 times faster by applying yourself and we have had technicians repairing equipment after only a few weeks on the job.It would be nothing for an enthusiast to build 30-40 circuits from our previous Transistor eBook and a similar number from this book.Many of the circuits are completely different to each other and all have a building block or two that you can learn from.Electronics enthusiasts have an uncanny understanding of how a circuit works and if you have this ability,dont let it go to waste.Electronics will provide you a comfortable living for the rest of your life and I mean this quite seriously.The market is very narrow but new designs are coming along all the time and new devices are constantly being invented and more are always needed.Once you get past this eBook of Chips and Transistors you will want to investigate microcontrollers and this is when your options will explode.You will be able to carry out tasks you never thought possible,with a chip as small as 8 pins and a few hundred lines of code.As I say in my speeches.What is the difference between a transistor man and a programmer?TWO WEEKS!In two weeks you can start to understand the programming code for a microcontroller and perform simple tasks such as flashing a LED and produce sounds and outputs via the press of a button.All these things are covered on Talking Electronics website and you dont have to buy any books or publications.Everything is available on the web and it is instantly accessible.Thats the beauty of the web.Dont think things are greener on the other side of the fence,by buying a text book.They arent.Everything you need is on the web AT NO COST.The only thing you have to do is build things.If you have any technical problem at all,simply email Colin Mitchell and any question will be answered.Nothing could be simpler and this way we guarantee you SUCCESS.Hundreds of readers have already emailed and after 5 or more emails,their circuit works.Thats the way we work.One thing at a time and eventually the fault is found.If you think a circuit will work the first time it is turned on,you are fooling yourself.All circuits need corrections and improvements and thats what makes a good electronics person.Dont give up.How do you think all the circuits in these eBooks were designed?Some were copied and some were designed from scratch but all had to be built and adjusted slightly to make sure theyworked perfectly.I dont care if you use bread-board,copper strips,matrix board or solder the components in the air as a birds nest.You only learn when the circuit gets turned on and WORKS!In fact the rougher you build something,the more you will guarantee it will work when built on a printed circuit board.However,high-frequency circuits(such as 100MHz FM Bugs)do not like open layouts and you have to keep the construction as tight as possible to get them to operate reliably.In most other cases,the layout is not critical.TRANSISTORSMost of the transistors used in our circuits are BC 547 and BC 557.These are classified as universal or common NPN and PNP types with a voltage rating of about 25v,100mA collector current and a gain of about 100.Some magazines use the term TUP(for Transistor Universal PNP)or TUN(for Transistor Universal NPN).We simply use Philips types that everyone recognises.You can use almost any type of transistor to replace them and here is a list of the equivalents and pinouts:CONTENTSred indicates 1-100 Transistor CircuitsAdjustable High Current Power SupplyAerial AmplifierAlarm Using 4 buttonsAudio Amplifier(mini)Automatic Battery Charger Battery Charger-12v Automatic Battery Charger-Gell CellBattery Charger MkII-12v trickle chargerBattery Monitor MkIBattery Monitor MkIIBike Turning SignalBeacon(Warning Beacon 12v)Beeper BugBlocking OscillatorBook LightBuck Regulator 12v to 5vCamera ActivatorCapacitor Discharge Unit MkII(CDU2)TrainsCapacitor Discharge Unit MkII-ModificationCar Detector(loop Detector)Car Light AlertCharger Gell CellCharger-NiCdChip Programmer(PIC)Circuits 1,2 3 Circuit Symbols Complete list of SymbolsClap SwitchCode LockColour Code for Resistors-all resistorsConstant CurrentConstant Current Drives two 3-watt LEDsCrystal Tester Dark Detector with beep AlarmDarlington TransistorDecaying FlasherDelay Turn-off-turns off a circuit after a delayDriving a LEDFading LEDFlasher(simple)3 more in 1-100 circuitsFlashing Beacon(12v Warning Beacon)Fluorescent Inverter for 12v supplyFM Transmitters-11 circuitsGell Cell ChargerHex Bug H-BridgeHigh Current from old cells High Current Power SupplyIncreasing the output currentInductively Coupled Power SupplyIntercomLatching A Push ButtonLatching RelayLED Detects lightLEDs on 240vLEDs Show Relay StateLimit SwitchesLow fuel IndicatorLow Mains Drop-outLow Voltage cut-outLow Voltage FlasherMains DetectorMains Night LightMake any capacitor valueMake any resistor valueMetal DetectorModel Railway timeNiCd ChargerPhase-Shift Oscillator-good designPhone Bug Phone Tape-3 Phone Tape-4-using FETsPIC Programmer Circuits 1,2 3 Powering a LEDPower ONPower Supplies-FixedPower Supplies-Adjustable LMxx seriesPower Supplies-Adjustable 78xx seriesPower Supplies-Adjustable from 0vPower Supply-Inductively CoupledPush-ON Push-OFFPWM ControllerQuiz TimerRailway timeRandom Blinking LEDsRectifying a VoltageResistor Colour CodeResistor Colour Code-4,5 and 6 BandsReversing a Motor&2&3SequencerShake Tic Tac LED TorchSimple FlasherSimple Touch-ON Touch-OFF SwitchSirenSoft Start power supplySuper-Alpha Pair(Darlington Transistor)Sziklai transistorTelephone amplifierTelephone BugTouch-ON Touch-OFF SwitchTracking TransmitterTrack Polarity-model railwayTrain DetectorsTransformerless Power SupplyTransistor tester-Combo-2 Vehicle Detector loop DetectorVHF Aerial AmplifierVoltage Doubler Voltage MultipliersVoyager-FM BugWailing SirenWater Level DetectorXtalTester Zapper-160v1-watt LED1.5 watt LED3-Phase Generator5v from old cells-circuit 15v from old cells-circuit 25v Supply12v Battery Charger-Automatic12v Flashing Beacon(Warning Beacon)12v Supply12v to 5v Buck Converter20 LEDs on 12v supply240v Detector240v-LEDs RESISTOR COLOUR CODESee resistors from 0.22ohm to 22M in full colour at end of book and another resistor tableRECTIFYING a Voltage These circuits show how to change an oscillating voltage(commonly called AC)to DC.The term AC means Alternating Current but it really means Alternating Voltage as the rising and falling voltage produces an increasing and decreasing current.The term DC means Direct Current but it actually means Direct or unchanging Voltage.The output of the following circuits will not be pure DC(like that from a battery)but will contain ripple.Ripple is reduced by adding a capacitor(electrolytic)to the output.DARK DETECTOR with beep-beep-beep AlarmThis circuit detects darkness and produces a beep-beep-beep alarm.The first two transistors form a high-gain amplifier with feedback via the 4u7 to produce a low-frequency oscillator.This provides voltage for the second oscillator(across the 1k resistor)to drive a speaker.3-PHASE SINEWAVE GENERATORThis circuit produces a sinewave and each phase can be tapped at the point shown.TRANSFORMERLESS POWER SUPPLYThis clever design uses 4 diodes in a bridge to produce a fixed voltage power supply capable of supplying 35mA.All diodes(every type of diode)are zener diodes.They all break down at a particular voltage.The fact is,a power diode breaks down at 100v or 400v and its zener characteristic is not useful.But if we put 2 zener diodes in a bridge with two ordinary power diodes,the bridge will break-down at the voltage of the zener.This is what we have done.If we use 18v zeners,the output will be 17v4.When the incoming voltage is positive at the top,the left zener provides 18v limit(and the left power-diode produces a drop of 0.6v).This allows the right zener to pass current just like a normal diode but the voltage available to it is just 18v.The output of the right zener is 17v4.The same with the other half-cycle.The current is limited by the value of the X2 capacitor and this is 7mA for each 100n when in full-wave(as per this circuit).We have 10 x 100n=1u capacitance.Theoretically the circuit will supply 70mA but we found it will only deliver 35mA before the output drops.The capacitor should comply with X1 or X2 class.The 10R is a safety-fuse resistor.The problem with this power supply is the live nature of the negative rail.When the power supply is connected as shown,the negative rail is 0.7v above neutral.If the mains is reversed,the negative rail is 340v(peak)above neutral and this will kill you as the current will flow through the diode and be lethal.You need to touch the negative rail(or the positive rail)and any earthed device such as a toaster to get killed.The only solution is the project being powered must be totally enclosed in a box with no outputs.LEDs on 240vI do not like any circuit connected directly to 240v mains.However Christmas tress lights have been connected directly to the mains for 30 years without any major problems.Insulation must be provided and the lights(LEDs)must be away from prying fingers.You need at least 50 LEDs in each string to prevent them being damaged via a surge through the 1k resistor-if the circuit is turned on at the peak of the waveform.As you add more LEDs to each string,the current will drop a very small amount until eventually,when you have 90 LEDs in each string,the current will be zero.For 50 LEDs in each string,the total characteristic voltage will be 180v so that the peak voltage will be 330v-180v=150v.Each LED will see less than 7mA peak during the half-cycle they are illuminated.The 1k resistor will drop 7v-since the RMS current is 7mA (7mA x 1,000 ohms=7v).No rectifier diodes are needed.The LEDs are the rectifiers.Very clever.You must have LEDs in both directions to charge and discharge the capacitor.The resistor is provided to take a heavy surge current through one of the strings of LEDs if the circuit is switched on when the mains is at a peak.This can be as high as 330mA if only 1 LED is used,so the value of this resistor must be adjusted if a small number of LEDs are used.The LEDs above detect peak current.A 100n cap will deliver 7mA RMS or 10mA peak in full wave or 3.5mA RMS(10mA peak for half a cycle)in half-wave.(when only 1 LED is in each string).The current-capability of a capacitor n