儿童基金会：学校饮用水、如厕卫生和个人卫生：2018年全球基线报告(英文版)(84页).pdf

DRINKING WATER,SANITATION AND HYGIENE IN SCHOOLSGlobal baseline report 2018WHO/UNICEF JOINT MONITORING PROGRAMME FOR WATER SUPPLY,SANITATION AND HYGIENEWHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataDrinking water,sanitation and hygiene in schools:global baseline report 2018.1.Water supply-standards.2.Sanitation-trends.3.Drinking water-supply and distribution.4.Program evaluation.5.Schools.I.World Health Organization.II.UNICEF.ISBN TBC United Nations Childrens Fund(UNICEF)and World Health Organization,2018Some rights reserved.This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0IGO licence(CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO;https:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo).Under the terms of this licence,you may copy,redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes,provided the work is appropriately cited,as indicated below.In any use of this work,there should be no suggestion that WHO or UNICEF endorse any specific organization,products or services.The 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55:UNICEF/UNI114831/Holt;P57:UNICEF/UN016920/Dejongh;P59:UNICEF/UN074056/Pirozzi;P61:UNICEF/UNI185836/Khan;P63:UNICEF/UNI138403/Haque;P80:UNICEF/UNI74568/EsteyGeneral disclaimers.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO or UNICEF concerning the legal status of any country,territory,city or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WHO or UNICEF in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.Errors and omissions excepted,the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.The figures included in this report have been estimated by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply,Sanitation and Hygiene(washdata.org)to ensure compatibility;thus,they are not necessarily the official statistics of the concerned country,area or territory,which may use alternative rigorous methods.All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization and UNICEF to verify the information contained in this publication.However,the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind,either expressed or implied.The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader.In no event shall the World Health Organization and UNICEF be liable for damages arising from its use.Edited by Richard Steele.Design,layout and production by Big Yellow Taxi,Inc.Printed in New York,USA.DRINKING WATER,SANITATION AND HYGIENE IN SCHOOLSGlobal baseline report 2018WHO/UNICEF JOINT MONITORING PROGRAMME FOR WATER SUPPLY,SANITATION AND HYGIENEHighlights.4Drinking water in schools.5Sanitation in schools.6Hygiene in schools.7Introduction.8The 2030 vision for WASH in schools.8The new JMP service ladders for WASH in schools.10Basic WASH in schools.14Basic drinking water services in schools.16Basic sanitation services in schools.20Basic hygiene services in schools.24Effective learning environments for all.28Inequalities in access to basic WASH in schools.30Pre-primary,primary and secondary school levels.32Urban,rural and peri-urban schools.34Sub-national regions.34Public,private and other types of school.36Universal access to WASH at home and in schools.38Enhanced monitoring and advanced service levels.40Defining advanced service levels for WASH in schools.40Accessibility of WASH in schools.43Availability of WASH in schools.45Quality of WASH in schools.48Acceptability of WASH in schools.49Conclusion.54Extending basic WASH services to all schools.54Progressively improving WASH services in schools.56Harmonizing definitions and addressing data gaps.56Annexes.58Annex 1:JMP Methods.58Annex 2:Regional Groupings.64Annex 3:National WASH in schools estimates.66Annex 4:Regional and global WASH in schools estimates.78ContentsSECTION ONESECTION TWOSECTION THREESECTION FOURSECTION FIVESECTION SIXSECTION ONEDRINKING WATER,SANITATION AND HYGIENE IN SCHOOLS/GLOBAL BASELINE REPORT 20184HighlightsThe World Health Organization(WHO)and the United Nations Childrens Fund(UNICEF),through the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply,Sanitation and Hygiene(JMP),have produced regular updates on water,sanitation and hygiene(WASH)since 1990.Together,they are responsible for monitoring Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)targets 6.1 and 6.2 and supporting monitoring of other WASH-related targets.This first JMP report on WASH in schools introduces new service ladders(Figure 1)and establishes national,regional and global baseline estimates that contribute towards global monitoring of SDG targets 6.1 and 6.2 universal access to WASH and SDG target 4.a inclusive and effective learning environments for all(Table 1).The SDGs aim for universal access to WASH and inclusive and effective learning environments for allSDG SDG TARGETS AND INDICATORS Goal 6:Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all6.1 By 2030,achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all6.2 By 2030,achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation,paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situationsGoal 4:Ensure inclusive and quality education for all and promote lifelong learning4.a Build and upgrade education facilities that are child,disability and gender sensitive and provide safe,non-violent,inclusive and effective learning environments for all4.a.1 Proportion of schools with access to access to:(a)electricity;(b)the internet for pedagogical purposes;(c)computers for pedagogical purposes;(d)adapted infrastructure and materials for students with disabilities;(e)basic drinking water;(f)single-sex basic sanitation facilities;and (g)basic handwashing facilities(as per the WASH indicator definitions)New JMP service ladders for monitoring WASH in schoolsFIGURE 1:Global goals and targets related to WASH in schoolsTABLE 1:SDG indicators for WASH in schools focus on achieving a basic minimum level of serviceSERVICE LEVELDRINKING WATERSANITATIONHYGIENEBASIC SERVICEDrinking water from an improved source and water is available at the school at the time of the surveyImproved sanitation facilities at the school that are single-sex and usable(available,functional and private)at the time of the surveyHandwashing facilities with water and soap available at the school at the time of the surveyLIMITED SERVICEDrinking water from an improved source but water is unavailable at the school at the time of the surveyImproved sanitation facilities at the school that are either not single-sex or not usable at the time of the surveyHandwashing facilities with water but no soap available at the school at the time of the surveyNO SERVICEDrinking water from an unimproved source or no water source at the schoolUnimproved sanitation facilities or no sanitation facilities at the schoolNo handwashing facilities available or no water available at the school WHO/UNICEF JOINT MONITORING PROGRAMME FOR WATER SUPPLY,SANITATION AND HYGIENE5Drinking water in schoolsKey messagesIn 2016,1.92 countries and five out of eight SDG regions had sufficient data to estimate coverage of basic drinking water services in schools1,2.2.69%of schools had a basic drinking water service,defined as an improved source with water available at the time of the survey.3.12%of schools had a limited drinking water service,defined as an improved source with water unavailable at the time of the survey.4.19%of schools had no drinking water service,defined as an unimproved source or no source at all.5.Nearly 570 million children lacked a basic drinking water service at their school3.6.Less than half of schools in Oceania and only two thirds of schools in Central and Southern Asia had a basic drinking water service.7.Nearly half of schools in sub-Saharan Africa,and over a third of schools in Small Island Developing States had no drinking water service.8.Rural schools had lower coverage of basic drinking water services than urban schools in almost all countries with disaggregated data.9.One in four primary schools and one in six secondary schools had no drinking water service.There were insufficient data to calculate global estimates for pre-primary schools.10.Few countries reported on drinking water quality in schools but the limited data available showed that compliance with national standards varied widely.1 Regional and global estimates are made where data are available for at least 30%of the relevant school-age population.2 Most countries had data on the types of water sources used by schools but fewer had data on the availability of drinking water.3 UNESCO Institute of Statistics(UIS)estimates that there were 1.8 billion pre-primary,primary and secondary school-age children worldwide in 2016.This includes the 263 million children who were not in primary or secondary education for the school year ending in 2016 Five out of eight SDG regions had estimates for basic drinking water services in schools in 201658 out of 92 countries had 75%coverage of basic drinking water services in schools in 201620406080100001613441216474342360010198001009974684857580Australia and New ZealandEurope and Northern AmericaNorthern Africa and Western AsiaCentral and Southern AsiaOceaniaEastern and South-Eastern AsiaLatin America and the CaribbeanSub-Saharan AfricaLeast Developed CountriesLandlocked Developing CountriesSmall Island Developing StatesINSUFFICIENT DATANO SERVICELIMITEDBASIC020406080100World191269Globally,69%of schools had a basic drinking water service in 2016Global school drinking water coverage,2016(%)FIGURE 2:Regional school drinking water coverage,2016(%)FIGURE 3:76-9091-10075%coverage of basic sanitation services in schools in 201676-9091-10075%coverage of basic hygiene services in schools in 201602040608010001292037046506000019904024111009971615421152629020406080100WorldAustralia and New ZealandEurope and Northern AmericaNorthern Africa and Western AsiaLatin America and the CaribbeanCentral and Southern AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaOceaniaEastern and South-Eastern AsiaLeast Developed CountriesLandlocked Developing CountriesSmall Island Developing StatesINSUFFICIENT DATANO SERVICELIMITEDBASIC361153Globally,53%of schools had a basic hygiene service in 2016Global school hygiene coverage,2016FIGURE 8:Regional school hygiene coverage,2016(%)FIGURE 9:76-9091-1005050-75INSUFFICIENT DATANOT APPLICABLEProportion of schools with a basic hygiene service,by country,2016(%)FIGURE 10:DRINKING WATER,SANITATION AND HYGIENE IN SCHOOLS/GLOBAL BASELINE REPORT 20188SECTION TWOIntroductionIn 1990 the World Health Organization(WHO)and the United Nations Childrens Fund(UNICEF)established the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply,Sanitation and Hygiene(JMP).Since then,the JMP has been instrumental in establishing global norms to benchmark and compare progress in water,sanitation and hygiene(WASH)across countries.WHO and UNICEF,through the JMP,were previously responsible for tracking progress towards the Millennium Development Goals(MDGs)and are now responsible for monitoring global progress towards the WASH-related Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)targets6.The global effort to achieve sanitation and water for all7 by 2030 is extending beyond the household to include institutional settings,such as schools,healthcare facilities and workplaces.This has been reinforced by global education for all8 strategies highlighting how WASH in schools improves access to education and learning outcomes,particularly for girls,by providing a safe,inclusive and equitable learning environment for all9.This report is the first comprehensive global assessment of WASH in schools and establishes a baseline for the SDG period.The 2030 vision for WASH in