IEC-IEC白皮书：未来分布式电力的稳定电网运行（英文）-2019.4-82页.pdf

Stable grid operations in a future of distributed electric powerWhite Paper3The electricity utility industry is currently undergoing the largest disruption since its inception more than a century ago.Driven by the five global factors of decarbonization,decentralization,deregulation,democratization and digitalization,a diverse set of devices involving various disruptive resources are now connected to the electricity grid devices that are generally owned and operated by electricity customers and deployed“behind the meter”.These disruptive resources are causing grid operators to rethink how the electricity grid will be managed,because unlike traditional generation sources,these resources are often invisible to the grid operator(limited visibility),outside of the control of the grid operator(limited control),characterized by hard-to-anticipate generation and consumption levels(limited predictability)and deployed without central planning(limited coordination).The challenges posed by disruptive resources are covered in Section 1 and the driving factors behind their rise in Section 2.As is the case with all disruptive innovations,following a chaotic period in which market players and technologies have been frantically searching for the optimal approach to their integration,a new equilibrium is emerging.Grid operators today are working to accommodate that new equilibrium by changing operational techniques.Market designs are allowing for a transition from a situation in which these new resources constitute problematic elements to one in which resulting devices will enable a future of cleaner,cheaper and more reliable power.To understand this future,important concepts related to managing the grid are covered in Section 3,with a number of market-based constructs for managing delivered services being covered in Section 4.In Section 5,this White Paper overviews some of the methods by which new resources are currently being incorporated in grid operations through both reliability-based and economics-based structures.Against this background,the paper then examines some of the trends determining the development of major components of the future model for grid operations,with techniques for an incentive demand-side response being covered in Section 5 and technologies which may enable such solutions the focus of Section 6.These solutions will require the use of current and new International Standards,with some of the gaps and overlaps involved being discussed in Section 7.Section 8 concludes the paper by providing recommendations to the IEC community,industry leaders and policymakers.This White Paper offers the following main conclusions:The drivers behind the growth of demand-side resources are expected to continue to exercise their influence,leading to a concomitant growth and penetration of innovations related to such resources.Grid operators will need to rely more heavily on demand-side resources in the future,with additional challenges being posed for stable grid operations if the necessary changes are not implemented.Success will depend on improved regulations within the distribution domain to provide accurate price signals in both wholesale and retail environments.New technologies supported by effective standards must be adopted to help reduce the impacts of limited visibility,limited control,limited predictability and limited coordination.Executive summary4Based on the above conclusions,several recommendations can be made for consideration by stakeholders both inside and outside of the IEC.The recommendations are listed below,with detailed descriptions of each presented in the final section of the paper.Recommendations for the IEC community Promote common language Consider procedural Standards Study and document best practices Improve intra-IEC coordination Improve inter-SDO coordinationRecommendations for industry leaders Improve coordination Improve technology adoption Encourage communication and education(industry leader role)Recommendations for policymakers Encourage communication and education(policymaker role)Establish equitable goals Cross-industry collaboration and commercialization supportAcknowledgmentsThis White Paper has been prepared by the advanced network operation project team,in the IEC Market Strategy Board(MSB),with major contributions from the project partner,Dr Scott Coe of GridOptimize and the project director and MSB member,Mr Toshiro Takebe of Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings,Inc.The broader project team included representatives from electric power network businesses,research institutes and equipment vendors from around the world.To seek input from a range of stakeholders,the IEC ran three workshops dedicated to this White Paper,in Tokyo(October 2017),Milan(February 2018)and San Diego(April 2018).These workshops were attended by experts in the field,who were invited to detail how they currently approach,and plan to approach in the future,demand-side resources on the electric power grid.The full project team includes three groups of contributors listed alphabetically.We would like to thank each person for his or her contributions and support in assembling this vision of the future grid.Core project team Mr Toshiro Takebe,TEPCO Holdings,Inc.Dr Scott Coe,President,GridOptimize Mr Yoshiro Asami,TEPCO Power Grid,Inc.Dr Liu Bing,Huawei Technologies Co.Mr Giorgio Crugnola,FZSoNick SA Mr Naoki Hosaka,TEPCO Holdings,Inc.Mr Yun Chao Hu,Huawei Technologies Dusseldorf GmbH Dr Hideo Ishii,Professor,Waseda University Mr Tatsuya Kato,TEPCO Power Grid,Inc.Mr Masayuki Kosakada,Toshiba Energy Systems and Solutions Corp.Dr Victor Kueh,Huawei Technologies Co.Executive summary5Executive summary Mr Kazuaki Kusakiyo,Toshiba Energy Systems and Solutions Corp.Mr Peter Lanctot,Secretary IEC MSB Mr Hiroaki Motoki,TEPCO Power Grid,Inc.Mr Yoshimitsu Umahashi,TEPCO Power Grid,Inc.Mr Di Wang,Huawei Technologies Co.Ms Xuanyuan Sharon Wang,State Grid Corporation of ChinaReviewers and contributors Dr Abdellatif Benjelloun Touimi,Huawei Technologies Co.,UK Mr Huanqing Huang,Huawei Technologies Co.,China Dr H.Walter Johnson,Technical Executive,Power Delivery and Utilization,Electric Power Research Institute,US Mr Peter Klauer,Smart Grid Solutions Manager,California ISO,US Mr Kyoichi Uehara,Chair of IEC ACTAD,Japan Mr Carlo Sabelli,Terna S.p.A.Italy Mr Richard Schomberg,Chair of IEC SyC Smart energy and PC 118,France Dr Nicole Segal,North American Electric Reliability Corporation,US Mr Peter Weigand,Chairman and CEO,Skipping Stone,LLC,USWorkshop presenters Dr Hiroshi Asano,Associate Vice President,ENIC,CRIEPI;Visiting Professor,The University of Tokyo;Professor,Tokyo Institute of Technology,Japan Mr Michael Brown,Manager,Demand Side Management Service,NV Energy,US Dr Eugenio Di Marino,President,CEI(Italian National Committee of IEC),Italy Mr James Eber,Manager of Demand Response and Dynamic Pricing,Commonwealth Edison,US Mr Giorgio Giannuzzi,Responsible of the Engineering Department,Terna,Italy Mr Steve Hambric,Vice President,Distributed Energy Management,Itron,US Mr Takeshi Ichimura,Representative Director and President,Energy Pool Japan Mr Bernd Keller,Vice President Solution Management,SAP SE,Germany Mr Christophe Kieny,Standardization Senior Consultant,Technical Direction,Enedis,France Mr Eun Cheol Kim,Manager,Power Market Development Dept.,DR Market Team KPX,South Korea Mr Ross Malme,Partner,Skipping Stone,US Mr Kiyoshi Nishimura,General Manager(Planning),Sales Dept.,Kansai Electric Power Co.,Japan Mr Michael Robinson,Principal Advisor,Market Design,Midwest ISO,US Mr Gianluca Sapienza,Head of Medium Voltage Smart Grids,E-Distribuzione,Italy Mr Luca Lo Schiavo,Deputy Director,Energy Infrastructure and Unbundling Directorate,The Italian Regulatory Authority for Electricity Gas and Water,Italy Mr Adam Sims,Senior Account Manager,Market Operation,National Grid,UK Mr Hans Vandenbroucke,Market Development,Elia,Belgium7Executive summary 3List of abbreviations 11Glossary 15Section 1 Introduction 191.1 Challenges from disruptive resources 191.2 Defining disruptive resources 20Section 2 Change drivers 232.1 Decarbonization 232.2 Decentralization 242.3 Deregulation 252.4 Democratization 272.5 Digitalization 28Section 3 Electricity grid services 293.1 Frequency management 293.2 Voltage support 31Section 4 Market-based services 334.1 Market unbundling 334.2 Resource scheduling process 344.3 Planning for sufficient resource supply 354.4 Fair compensation concepts 374.5 Surplus base-load generation and negative price in the wholesale market 384.6 Expansion of cross-border markets 384.7 Transitioning to capacity markets 404.8 Shaping loads with economic signals 40Table of contents84.9 Congestion management and investment deferment 414.10 Dynamic ratings 414.11 Island network 42Section 5 Techniques to influence demand-side response 455.1 Remote control scenario 465.2 Local control scenario 475.3 Examples of remote control and local control scenarios today 485.4 Retail pricing reform 49Section 6 Technology solutions 536.1 Big data analytics 536.2 Artificial intelligence 546.3 Edge computing 546.4 5th generation mobile wireless communications 546.5 Low-power wide-area networks 556.6 Time-sensitive networks 556.7 The Internet of Things 556.8 Energy management systems 566.9 Technology domains 57Section 7 Role of standards 597.1 Develop standard communication protocols 597.2 Document effective and transferrable practices 61Section 8 Conclusions and recommendations 638.1 Recommendations for the IEC community 638.2 Recommendations for industry leaders 648.3 Recommendations for policymakers 65Annex A Relevant IEC Standards 67Annex B IEC activities on energy resource aggregation and trading 69Table of contents9Annex C Grid technologies 73C.1 Fault ride through 73C.2 Islanding detection 73C.3 Virtual inertia 74C.4 Situational awareness 74Bibliography 77Table of contents11List of abbreviations ACE area control error AI artificial intelligence ALM active load management AMI advanced metering infrastructure ANM active network management API application programme interface AVR automatic voltage regulator BEMS building energy management system BG balancing group BPS bulk power system C&I commercial and industrial CCA community choice aggregation CIM common information model CSP charge service provider DA distribution automation DDS data distribution service(standard)DER distributed energy resource DERMS distributed energy resource management system DG distributed generation DMS distribution management system DR demand response DSM demand-side management DSO distribution system operator DSR demand-side resource DTU demand turn up EES electrical energy storage EIM energy imbalance marketTechnical andscientific terms12 eMBB enhanced mobile broadband EMS energy management system ERS essential reliability service ESS energy storage system EV electric vehicle EVSE electric vehicle supply equipment FEMS factory energy management system FRT fault ride-through GC gate closure GMS generation management system HEMS home energy management system HVAC heating,ventilation and air conditioning ICT information and communication technology IIoT industrial Internet of Things ILR interruptible load for reliability IoT Internet of Things IOU investor owned utility IPP independent power producer ISO independent system operator LPWAN low-power wide-area network LSE load serving entity LVDC low voltage direct current MEMS microgrid energy management system mMTC massive machine-type communications NEMO nominated electricity market operator OATT open access transmission tariff PEV plug-in electric vehicle PHEV plug-in hybrid electric vehicle PMU phasor measurement unit PRD price responsive demand RES renewable energy sourceList of abbreviations13 SA situational awareness SBG surplus base-load generation SCADA supervisory control and data acquisition SGUI smart grid user interface SIDM system interfaces for distribution management STATCOM static synchronous compensator SDO standards development organization SO system operator SVC static VAR compensator TO transmission owner TPA third party access TSN time-sensitive network TSO transmission system operator UFR under-frequency relay URLLC ultra-reliable low-latency communications VAR volt amperes reactive VoLL value of lost load VPP virtual power plant VSG virtual synchronous generator WAM wide-area measurement(system)ACER Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators CAISO California Independent System Operator EirGrid State-owned electric power transmission operator in Ireland ENTSO-E European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity EPEX SPOT European Power Exchange SPOT ERABF Energy Resource Aggregation Business Forum FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission(US Government)GME Gestore dei Mercati Energetici IGCC International Grid Control CooperationList of abbreviationsOrganizations,institutions and companies14 IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change JEPX Japan Electric Power Exchange KPX Korea Power Exchange NAESB North American Energy Standards Board NERC North American Electric Reliability Corporation OMIE Operador del Mercado Ibrico de Energa PJM Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland PLMA Peak Load Management Alliance SPP Southwest Power Pool TEPCO Tokyo Electric Power CompanyList of abbreviations15Glossary5th generation wireless system5Gthe next generation of mobile internet connectivity,offering faster speeds and more reliable connections on smartphones and other devicesadvanced metering infrastructureAMIan architecture for automated,two-way communication between a smart utility meter with an IP address and a utility companyaggregatorresource aggregatorany organization or individual that brings retail energy customers together as a group with the objective of obtaining better prices,service,or other benefits when acquiring energy or related servicesancillary servicesservices necessary for the operation of an electric power system provided by the system operator and/or by power system usersartificial intelligence AIintelligence demonstrated by machinesbalancing groupBGenergy account under responsibility of a balance responsible party used to determine balance,considering predefined inputs and outputs within a specific market balance areabaselinemethod of estimating the electricity that would have been consumed by a demand resource in the absence of a demand response eventcapacitymaximum amount of power(measured in watts)that a power plant can producecapacity marketfinancial market aimed at securing generation capacity to cover the load forecasted by long-term planning studiescommunication protocolsystem of rules that allows two or more entities of a communications system to transmit information via any kind of variation of a physical quantitycongestionsituation in a transmission or distribution network requiring,in parts of an electric power system,a limitation of load flowday-ahead auctionelectricity a