《模拟工程师口袋参考书》.pdf

Art Kay and Tim Green,EditorsAnalog EngineersPocket ReferenceDownload eBook at Kay和Tim Green，编辑电子版下载地址：THESE MATERIALS ARE PROVIDED“AS IS.”TI MAKES NO WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS WITH REGARD TO THESE MATERIALS OR USE OF THESE MATERIALS,EXPRESS,IMPLIED OR STATUTORY,INCLUDING FOR ACCURACY,COMPLETENESS,OR SECURITY.TI DISCLAIMS ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,QUIET ENJOYMENT,QUIET POSSESSION,AND NON-INFRINGEMENT OF ANY THIRD PARTY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS WITH REGARD TO THESE MATERIALS OR USE THEREOF.TI SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR AND SHALL NOT DEFEND OR INDEMNIFY YOU AGAINST ANY THIRD PARTY CLAIM THAT RELATES TO OR IS BASED ON THESE MATERIALS.IN NO EVENT SHALL TI BE LIABLE FOR ANY ACTUAL,SPECIAL,INCIDENTAL,CONSEQUENTIAL OR INDIRECT DAMAGES,HOWEVER CAUSED,ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY AND WHETHER OR NOT TI HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES,ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THESE MATERIALS OR YOUR USE OF THESE MATERIALS.Texas Instruments Analog Engineers Pocket Reference 3Analog Engineers Pocket ReferenceFourth Edition Edited by:Art Kay and Tim GreenSpecial thanks for technical contribution and review:Kevin DukeRafael OrdonezJohn CaldwellCollin WellsIan WilliamsThomas Kuehl Copyright 2014,2015 Texas Instruments Incorporated.All rights reserved.Pocketreference_6815_final.indd 36/11/15 3:16 PM模拟工程师口袋参考书第四版第四版Art Kay和Tim Green特别感谢以下人员提供的技术支持和审查工作：Copyright 2014，2015 德州仪器(TI)公司。版权所有。德州仪器(TI)模拟工程师口袋参考书4 Texas Instruments Analog Engineers Pocket Reference编者的话这本口袋参考书是常用板级和系统级设计公式的实用快速指南。收集的这些公式是基于50多年的模拟板级和系统级专业知识。数年间，通过参考和查阅一个装满打印文件的文件夹，我们汇总整理了这本口袋参考书中的大部分材料。这些磨损严重的纸张已经被精心整理，而这部指南中提供的信息也都装订成册，不会再轻易遗失了。以下是所包含的主要领域的简要概述：关键常数与换算 分立元件 AC和DC模拟方程式 运算放大器基本配置 运算放大器带宽和稳定性 传感器概述 PCB传输线R，L，C 导线R，L，C 二进制、十六进制、十进制格式 A/D和D/A转换我们希望这些收集的公式对您同样有用。请将您对于下一版模拟工程师口袋参考书的意见和/或想法发至artkay_其它资源：浏览TI Precision Lab( Designs高精度参考设计库中搜索全部板级和系统级电路( ( (http:/)。德州仪器(TI)模拟工程师口袋参考书ContentsTexas Instruments Analog Engineers Pocket Reference 5Conversions .7Physical constants .8Standard decimal prefixes .9Metric conversions .9Temperature conversions .10Error conversions(ppm and percentage).10Discrete components .11Resistor color code .12Standard resistor values .13Practical capacitor model and specifications .14Practical capacitors vs frequency .15Capacitor type overview .16Standard capacitance values .17Capacitance marking and tolerance .17Diodes and LEDs .18Analog .19Capacitor equations(series,parallel,charge,energy).20Inductor equations(series,parallel,energy).21Capacitor charge and discharge .23RMS and mean voltage definition .24RMS and mean voltage examples .24Logarithmic mathematical definitions .27dB definitions .28Log scale .29Pole and zero definitions and examples .30Time to phase shift.34Amplifier .35Basic op amp configurations .36Op amp bandwidth .41Full power bandwidth .42Small signal step response .43Noise equations .44Phase margin .48Stability open loop SPICE analysis .50Instrumentation Amp filter .53PCB and wire .55PCB conductor spacing .56Self-heating of PCB traces on inside layer .57PCB trace resistance for 1oz and 2oz Cu .58Package types and dimensions .60PCB parallel plate capacitance .61PCB microstrip capacitance and inductance.62PCB adjacent copper trace capacitance .63PCB via capacitance and inductance .64Common coaxial cable specifications .65Coaxial cable equations .66Resistance per length for different wire types(AWG).67Maximum current for wire types .68Sensor .69Temperature sensor overview .70Thermistor .71Resistive temperature detector(RTD).72Diode temperature characteristics .74Thermocouple(J and K).76A/D conversion .81Binary/hex conversions .83A/D and D/A transfer function(LSB,Data formats,FSR).84Quantization error .90Signal-to-noise ratio(SNR).91Total harmonic distortion(THD).92Signal-to-noise and distortion(SINAD).94Effective number of bits(ENOB).94Noise free resolution and effective resolution .95Setting time and conversion accuracy.96Pocketreference_6815_final.indd 56/11/15 3:16 PM目录换算.7物理常数.8标准十进制前缀.9公制换算.9温度换算.10误差换算（ppm和百分比）.10分立元件.11电阻器色标.12标准电阻器值.13实际电容器模型和技术规格.14实际电容器与频率之间的关系.15电容器类型概述.16标准电容值.17电容值标记与公差.17二极管与LED.18模拟.19电容器方程式（串联、并联、电荷、能量）.20电感器方程式（串联、并联、能量）.21电容器充电与放电.23RMS与平均电压定义.24RMS与平均电压示例.24对数数学定义.27dB定义.28对数尺度.29极点与零点定义和示例.30相移时间.34放大器.35基本运算放大器配置.36运算放大器带宽.41满功率带宽.42小信号阶跃响应.43噪声方程式.44相位裕量.48稳定性开环SPICE分析.50仪表放大器滤波器.53PCB和导线.55PCB导体间距.56内层PCB传输线的自发热.571oz和2oz纯铜的PCB传输线阻抗.58封装类型和尺寸.60PCB平行电路板电容.61PCB微带线电容和电感.62PCB邻近铜传输线电容.63PCB过孔电容和电感.64普通同轴电缆技术规格.65同轴电缆方程式.66不同类型导线(AWG)单位长度电阻.67不同类型导线的最大电流.68传感器.69温度传感器概述.70热敏电阻.71电阻式温度检测器(RTD).72二极管温度特性.74热电偶（J和K）.76A/D转换.81二进制/十六进制换算.83A/D和D/A转换函数（LSB，数据格式，FSR）.84量化误差.90信噪比(SNR).91总谐波失真(THD).92信噪比与失真(SINAD).94有效位数(ENOB).94无噪声分辨率与有效分辨率.95建立时间（原文为setting time）与换算精度.95德州仪器(TI)模拟工程师口袋参考书6 Texas Instruments Analog Engineers Pocket ReferencePocketreference_6815_final.indd 66/11/15 3:16 PM德州仪器(TI)模拟工程师口袋参考书ConversionsTexas Instruments Analog Engineers Pocket Reference 76/11/15 3:16 PM换算换算标准十进制前缀 公制换算 温标换算 误差换算（ppm和百分比）ConversionsTexas Instruments Analog Engineers Pocket R Texas Instruments Analog Engineers Pocket ReferenceConversionsTable 1:Physical constantsConstantSymbolValueUnitsSpeed of light in a vacuumc2.997 924 58 x 108m/sPermittivity of vacuumo8.854 187 817 620 x 10-12F/mPermeability of free spaceo1.256 637 0614 x 10-6H/mPlanks constanth6.626 069 57 x 10-34JsBoltzmanns constantk1.380 648 8 x 10-23J/KFaradays constantF9.648 533 99 x 104C/molAvogadros constantNA6.022 141 29 x 10231/molUnified atomic mass unitmu1.660 538 921 x 10-27kgElectronic chargeq1.602 176 565 x 10-19CRest mass of electronme9.109 382 15 x 10-31kgMass of protonmp1.672 621 777 x 10-27kgGravitational constantG6.673 84 x 10-11Nm2/kg2Standard gravitygn9.806 65m/s2Ice pointTice273.15KMaximum density of water1.00 x 103kg/m3Density of mercury(0C)Hg1.362 8 x 104kg/m3Gas constantR8.314 462 1J/(Kmol)Speed of sound in air(at 273K)cair3.312 x 102m/sTable 2:Standard decimal prefixesMultiplierPrefixAbbreviation1012teraT109gigaG106megaM103kilok103millim106micro109nanon1012picop1015femtof1018attoaPocketreference_6815_final.indd 86/11/15 3:16 PM换算德州仪器(TI)模拟工程师口袋参考书换算表1：物理常数表2：标准十进制前缀常量符号值单位真空中的光速c2.997 924 58 x 108m/s绝对介电常数o8.854 187 817 620 x 10-12F/m真空介电常数o1.256 637 0614 x 10-6H/m普朗克常数h6.626 069 57 x 10-34Js玻尔兹曼常数k1.380 648 8 x 10-23J/K法拉第常数F9.648 533 99 x 104C/mol阿伏伽德罗常数NA6.022 141 29 x 10231/mol统一原子质量单位mu1.660 538 921 x 10-27kg电子电荷q1.602 176 565 x 10-19C电子静止质量me9.109 382 15 x 10-31kg质子质量mp1.672 621 777 x 10-27kg引力常数G6.673 84 x 10-11Nm2/kg2标准地心引力gn9.806 65m/s2冰点Tice273.15K最大水密度1.00 x 103kg/m3水银密度(0 C)Hg1.362 8 x 104kg/m3气体常数R8.314 462 1J/(Kmol)空气中的声速（273 K时）cair3.312 x 102m/s乘子前缀缩写1012teraT109gigaG106megaM103kilok103millim106micro109nanon1012picop1015femtof1018attoaConversionsTexas Instruments Analog Engineers Pocket Reference 3:Imperial to metric conversionsUnitSymbolEquivalentUnitSymbolinchesin25.4 mm/inmillimetermmmilmil0.0254 mm/milmillimetermmfeetft0.3048 m/ftmetersmyardsyd0.9144 m/ydmetersmmilesmi1.6093 km/mikilometerskmcircular milcir mil5.067x10-4 mm2/cir milsquare millimetersmm2square yardsyd20.8361 m2square metersm2pintspt0.5682 L/ptlitersLouncesoz28.35 g/ozgramsgpoundslb0.4536 kg/lbkilogramskgcaloriescal4.184 J/caljoulesJhorsepowerhp745.7 W/hpwattsWTable 4:Metric to imperial conversionsUnitSymbolConversionUnitSymbolmillimetermm0.0394 in/mminchinmillimetermm39.4 mil/mmmilmilmetersm3.2808 ft/mfeetftmetersm1.0936 yd/myardydkilometerskm0.6214 mi/kmmilesmisquare millimetersmm21974 cir mil/mm2circular milcir milsquare metersm21.1960 yd2/m2square yardsyd2litersL1.7600 pt/Lpintsptgramsg0.0353 oz/gouncesozkilogramskg2.2046 lb/kgpoundslbjoulesJ0.239 cal/JcaloriescalwattsW1.341x10-3 hp/WhorsepowerhpExample Convert 10 mm to mil.Answer 10 mm x 39.4=394 milmilmmPocketreference_6815_final.indd 96/11/15 3:16 PM换算表3：英制到公制换算表4：公制到英制换算单位符号等量单位符号英寸in25.4mm/in毫米mm密耳mil0.0254mil/mm毫米mm英尺ft0.3048m/ft米M码yd0.9144m/yd米m英里ml1.6093km/ml公里km圆密耳cir mil5.067x10-4mm2/cir mil平方毫米mm2平方码yd20.8361m2平方米m2品脱pt0.5682L/pt升L盎司oz 28.35g/oz克g磅lb 0.4536kg/lb公斤kg卡路里cal4.184J/cal焦耳J马力hp745.7W/hp瓦特W单位符号换算单位符号毫米mm0.0394in/mm英寸in毫米mm39.4mil/mm密耳mil米M3.2808ft/m英尺ft米m1.0936yd/m码yd公里km0.6241ml/km英里ml平方毫米mm21974 cir mil/mm2圆密耳cir mil平方米m21.1960yd2/m2平方码yd2升L1.7600pt/L品脱pt克g0.0353oz/g盎司oz 公斤kg2.2046lb/kg磅lb 焦耳J0.239cal/J卡路里cal瓦特W1.341x10-3hp/W马力hp示例将10mm换算为密耳值。答案德州仪器(TI)模拟工程师口袋参考书Conversions10 Texas Texas Instruments Analog Engineers Pocket Reference10 Table 5:Temperature conversions 59F 2 F 95 2 2.15 Celsius to Kelvin 2.15 Kelvin to Celsius Table 6:Error conversions Error%easured IdealIdeal 100 Error in measured value Error%FSR easured IdealFullscalerange 100 Error in percent of full-scale range%ppm10 100 Part per million to percent m%ppm10 100 1000 Part per million to milli-percent ppm%10 Percent to part per million ppm m%10 Milli-percent to part per million Example Compute the error for a measured value of 0.12V when the ideal value is 0.1V and the range is 5V.Answer Error%0.12V 0.1V0.1V 100 20%Error in measured value Error%FSR 0.12 0.1V5V 100 0.%Percent FSR Example Convert 10 ppm to percent and milli-percent.Answer 10ppm10 100 0.001%Part per million to percent 10ppm10 100 1000 1m%Part per million to milli-percent Table 5:Temperature conversionsTable 6:Error conversions10 Table 5:Temperature conversions 59F 2 Fahrenheit to Celsius F 95 2 Celsius to Fahrenheit 2.15 Celsius to Kelvin 2.15 Kelvin to Celsius Table 6:Error conversions Error%easured IdealIdeal 100 Error%FSR easured IdealFullscalerange 100 Error in percent of full-scale range%ppm10 100 m%ppm10 100 1000 ppm%10 Percent to part per million ppm m%10 Milli-percent to part per million Example Compute the error for a measured value of 0.12V when the ideal value is 0.1V and the range is 5V.Answer Error%0.12V 0.1V0.1V 100 20%Error in measured value Error%FSR 0.12 0.1V5V 100 0.%Percent FSR Example Convert 10 ppm to percent and milli-percent.Answer 10ppm10 100 0.001%Part per million to percent 10ppm10 100 1000 1m%Part per million to milli-percent Fahrenheit to CelsiusCelsius to FahrenheitCelsius to KelvinKelvin to CelsiusError in measured valueError in percent of full-scale rangePart per million to percentPart per million to milli-percentPercent to part per millionMilli-percent to part per millionExample Compute the error for a measured value of 0.12V when the ideal value is 0.1V and the range is 5V.Error%0.12VV0.1V Error in measured value Error%FSRV5V Percent FSR Answer Convert 10 ppm to percent and milli-percent.10 ppm10 Part per million to percent 10 ppm10 Part per million to milli-percent ExampleAnswerPocketreference_6815_final.indd 106/11/15 3:16 PM换算表5：温度换算华氏度到摄氏度测得值的误差摄氏度到华氏度误差占满量程范围的百分比摄氏度到开 百万分率转换为百分比开到摄氏度百万分率转换为千分比百分比转换为百万分率千分比转换为百万分率表6：误差换算示例当理想值为0.1V，范围为5V时，计算0.12V测量值的误差。答案示例将10ppm转换为百分比和千分比。答案测量值的误差百万分率转换为百分比占FSR的百分比百万分率转换为千分比德州仪器(TI)模拟工程师口袋参考书 Components11 Texas Texas Instruments Analog Engineers Pocket R 116/11/15 3:16 PM分立元件电阻器色标 标准电阻器值 电容技术规格 电容类型概述 标准电容值 电容标记和公差 分立元件Discrete Components12 Texas Texas Instruments Analog Engineers Pocket R 7:Resistor color codeColorDigitAdditional ZerosToleranceTemperature CoefficientFailure RateBlack00250Brown111%1001Red222%500.1Orange33150.01Yellow44250.001Green550.5%20Blue660.25%10Violet770.1%5Grey880.05%1White99Gold-na-15%Silver-na-210%No Band-na-na-20%4 Band example:yellow violet orange silver indicate 4,7,and 3 zeros.i.e.a 47k,10%resistor.Figure 1:Resistor color codePocketreference_6815_final.indd 126/11/15 3:16 PM分立元件分立元件颜色代表的数字有效值后0的个数公差温度系数故障率黑色00250棕色111%1001红色222%500.1橙色33150.01黄色44250.001绿色550.5%20蓝色660.25%10紫色770.1%5灰色880.05%1白色99金色无有效数字-15%银色无有效数字-210%无色带无有效数字无有效数字20%表7：电阻器色标图1：电阻器色标4色带示例：黄 紫 橙 银表示4、7和3个0。即，一个47k，10%的电阻器。红、红、绿2200000，20%黄、紫、红、黑4700，1%棕、棕、橙、红、紫11300，0.1%3色带4色带5色带6色带第1个数字第2个数字第3个数字有效值后0的个数温度系数公差也被用作军用技术规格的故障率棕、绿、红、黑、蓝、红152，0.25%，15ppm/德州仪器(TI)模拟工程师口袋参考书Discrete ComponentsTexas Instruments Analog Engineers Pocket Reference 8:Standard resistor valuesStandard resistance values for the 10 to 100 decade0.1%0.25%0.5%1%2%5%10%0.1%0.25%0.5%1%2%5%10%0.1%0.25%0.5%1%2%5%10%0.1%0.25%0.5%1%2%5%10%0.1%0.25%0.5%1%2%5%10%0.1%0.25%0.5%1%2%5%10%10.010.01014.714.721.521.531.631.646.446.468.168.16810.114.921.832.047.04769.010.210.215.015.01522.122.12232.432.447.547.569.869.810.415.222.332.848.170.610.510.515.415.422.622.633.233.23348.748.771.571.510.615.622.933.649.372.310.710.715.815.823.223.234.034.049.949.973.273.210.916.01623.434.450.574.111.011.01116.216.223.723.734.834.851.151.15175.075.07511.116.424.02435.251.775.911.311.316.516.524.324.335.735.752.352.376.876.811.416.724.636.13653.077.711.511.516.916.924.924.936.536.553.653.678.778.711.717.225.237.054.279.611.811.817.417.425.525.537.437.454.954.980.680.612.01217.625.837.955.681.612.112.117.817.826.126.138.338.356.256.25682.582.58212.318.01826.438.856.983.512.412.418.218.226.726.739.239.23957.657.684.584.512.618.427.12739.758.385.612.712.718.718.727.427.440.240.259.059.086.686.612.918.927.740.759.787.613.013.01319.119.128.028.041.241.260.460.488.788.713.219.328.441.761.289.813.313.319.619.628.728.742.242.261.961.96290.990.99113.519.829.142.762.692.013.713.720.020.02029.429.443.243.24363.463.493.193.113.820.329.843.764.294.214.014.020.520.530.130.13044.244.264.964.995.395.314.220.830.544.865.796.514.314.321.021.030.930.945.345.366.566.597.697.614.521.331.245.967.398.8Pocketreference_6815_final.indd 136/11/15 3:16 PM分立元件表8：标准电阻器值10至100十进位的标准电阻值德州仪器(TI)模拟工程师口袋参考书Discrete Components14 Texas Texas Instruments Analog Engineers Pocket R ESLCESRRpParameterDescriptionCThe nominal value of the capacitance Table 11 lists standard capacitance valuesESREquivalent series resistance Ideally this is zero Ceramic capacitors have the best ESR(typically in milliohms).Tantalum Electro-lytic have ESR in the hundreds of milliohms and Aluminum Electrolytic have ESR in the ohmsESLEquivalent series inductance Ideally this is zero ESL ranges from 100 pH to 10 nHRpRp is a parallel leakage resistance(or insulation resistance)Ideally this is infinite This can range from tens of megaohms for some electrolytic capacitors to tens of gigohms for ceramicVoltage ratingThe maximum voltage that can be applied to the capacitor Exceeding this rating damages the capacitorVoltage coefficientThe change in capacitance with applied voltage in ppm/V A high-voltage coefficient can introduce distortion C0G capacitors have the lowest coefficient The voltage coefficient is most important in applications that use capacitors in signal processing such as filteringTemperature coefficientThe change in capacitance with across temperature in ppm/C Ideally,the temperature coefficient is zero The maximum specified drift generally ranges from 10 to 100ppm/C or greaterdepending on the capacitor type(See Table 10 for details)Figure 2:Model of a practical capacitorPractical capacitor model and specificationsTable 9:Capacitor specificationsPocketreference_6815_final.indd 146/11/15 3:16 PM分立元件实际电容器模型和技术规格图2：实际电容器模型表9：电容器技术规格参数说明C电容器的标称值表11中列出了标准电容值ESR等效串联电阻理想值为0陶瓷电容器具有最佳的ESR（通常为毫欧级）。钽电解电容器的ESR为数百毫欧，而铝电解电容器的ESR为欧姆