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地衣芽孢杆菌SCAU1602饲喂对鸡粪可培养细菌遗传多样性影响及有益细菌筛选.pdf
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地衣 芽孢 杆菌 SCAU1602 饲喂 鸡粪可 培养 细菌 遗传 多样性 影响 有益 筛选
第 41 卷 第 4 期2023 年 8 月四川农业大学学报Journal of Sichuan Agricultural UniversityVol.41 No.4Aug.2023地衣芽孢杆菌SCAU1602饲喂对鸡粪可培养细菌遗传多样性影响及有益细菌筛选王祖昱,余金阳,余秀梅,吴郡颖,蔡金桥,林春雪,陈强*(四川农业大学资源学院,成都 611130)摘要:【目的】探明地衣芽孢杆菌SCAU1602饲喂蛋鸡后鸡粪中主要细菌类群数量变化,弄清可培养细菌遗传多样性和系统发育,筛选有益细菌。【方法】设置常规饲喂(对照,T1)和饲喂SCAU1602菌剂(1108 CFU/kg)(T2)两个处理,分别测定第0、7、14、30天和第90天鲜鸡粪中温型、耐高温细菌、大肠菌群和乳酸细菌数量;分析第90天鸡粪的可培养中温型细菌、耐高温细菌的遗传多样性和系统发育,代表菌株的蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性和产氨氮能力。【结果】饲喂SCAU1602显著降低了鸡粪中大肠菌群数量,增加了中温型细菌、耐高温细菌和乳酸菌数量。从第90天的鸡粪分离获得了133株细菌,其中,T1处理62株中温型和耐高温细菌,分属于11个种,优势中温型细菌为绿色气球菌,占比33.33%;耐高温优势细菌为枯草芽孢杆菌,占比46.15%;T2处理71株中温型和耐高温细菌,分属于13个种,中温型以乳酸肠球菌为优势群(19.05%),耐高温菌以地衣芽孢杆菌(41.38%)为优势群。与T1相比,T2处理鸡粪中产蛋白酶、淀粉酶细菌占比大幅上升了76.13%和45.57%,氨化能力强的菌株下降了35.32%,鸡粪氨氮含量显著下降了58.72%(P0.05)。【结论】地衣芽孢杆菌SCAU1602可很好地存活于鸡粪,增加可培养细菌种群和遗传多样性,促进鸡粪中有益细菌生长。关键词:地衣芽孢杆菌;鸡粪;可培养细菌;系统发育;氨氮含量中图分类号:S182 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1000-2650(2023)04-0727-10Effects of Feeding Bacillus licheniformis SCAU1602 on Genetic Diversity of Culturable Bacteria in Chicken Manure and Screening of Beneficial BacteriaWANG Zuyu,YU Jinyang,YU Xiumei,WU Junying,CAI Jinqiao,LIN Chunxue,CHEN Qiang*(College of Resources,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,China)Abstract:【Objective】The current study was conducted to explore the changes of the dominant bacterial number after Bacillus licheniformis SCAU1602 feeding laying hens to reveal the genetic diversity and phylogeny of culturable bacteria isolated from the chicken feces,and to screen some beneficial bacteria.【Method】Two treatments were designed,T1:conventional feeding(the control group);T2:feeding with SCAU1602(1108 CFU/kg).The numbers of mesophilic bacteria,thermotolerant bacteria,coliform,and lactic acid bacteria in fresh chicken feces at 0,7,14,30 and 90 days were determined in the two groups,respectively.The genetic diversity and phylogeny of culturable mesophilic bacteria and thermotolerant bacteria from chicken feces on the 90th day were isolated and analyzed.The protease and amylase activity and the NH4+-N producing ability of representative strains from chicken feces on the 90th day were measured.【Result】The results showed that after feeding SCAU1602,the number of coliforms was significantly decreased,and the number of mesophilic bacteria,thermotolerant bacteria and lactic acid bacteria was significantly increased in chicken manure.A total of 133 bacteria were isolated from doi:10.16036/j.issn.1000-2650.202303211收稿日期:2023-03-08基金项目:四川省科技计划项目(2019YFN0149);四川农业大学学科建设支持计划资助。作者简介:王祖昱,博士研究生,E-mail:。*责任作者:陈强,博士,教授,主要从事资源微生物的开发利用研究,E-mail:。四川农业大学学报第 41 卷 chicken feces of the two treatments on the 90th day,and the genetic diversity and phylogeny were performed.The 62 bacteria were isolated from T1 belonged to 11 species.Among them,Aerococcus viridans was the predominant mesophilic bacteria and occupied 33.33%,and Bacillus subtilis was the predominant thermotolerant one and accounted for 46.15%.The 71 bacteria were isolated from T2 belonged to 13 species.Among them,Enterococcus lactis was the dominant mesophilic bacteria and accounted for 19.05%,while Bacillus licheniformis was the dominant thermotolerant bacteria and occupied 41.38%.Compared with T1,the proportion of bacteria producing protease and amylase in chicken feces in T2 was significantly increased by 76.13%and 45.57%,the number of bacteria with strong ammoniacal ability was decreased by 35.32%,and the content of NH4+-N in chicken feces was significantly decreased by 58.72%(P0.05).【Conclusion】Dietary supplemented with Bacillus licheniformis SCAU1602 could colonize well in laying hens feces.After feeding,the genetic diversity of culturable bacteria,and the number of bacteria with protease-producing and amylase-producing abilities in chicken feces were found to increase.While,the number of ammoniacal producing bacteria was significantly decreased,revealing that B.licheniformis SCAU1602 had a certain probiotic capacity.Keywords:Bacillus licheniformis;chicken manure of laying hens;culturable bacteria;phylogeny;NH4+-N content随着畜禽规模化养殖快速发展,畜禽粪便产生量急剧增加,据统计,我国年产鸡粪约4108 t,已成为主要农业污染源1-2。鸡粪中含有大量肠道细菌,其中的大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、葡萄球菌等病原菌,既可能引发养鸡场疫情,其携带的抗生素耐药基因进入环境亦会严重危害人畜健康3。减少鸡粪中有害细菌的种群和数量对于养殖业的健康、可持续发展意义重大。近年来,“替抗养殖”技术日益发展,用于预防和控制畜禽疾病的抗生素4在我国、欧美及日本等国家全面禁止5。益生菌因具有产生抗菌物质、抑制肠道病原菌生长的功能,是抗生素的有效替代品6。常见益生菌有芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、酵母菌等类群7-9,芽孢杆菌可形成耐高温、耐酸碱的芽孢,能在饲料生产和肠道中稳定存在,芽孢杆菌产生的脂肪酶、蛋白酶和淀粉酶等消化酶及抗菌活性物质,具有促进营养代谢吸收10,维持肠道微生态平衡、增强免疫功能等优点11。鸡饲料中添加地衣芽孢杆菌,可降低肠道内产气荚膜梭菌、沙门氏菌等有害菌的数量,改善肠道微生态,提高鸡的生长性能和免疫应答12。Wang B.等13研究表明,饲粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌,大幅增加了肠道内乳酸菌的数量。我们前期筛选的地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)SCAU1602 具有耐高温、除臭效果好等优点14-15,符合 NY/T1109-2017 和 EFSA 生物安全要求,能有效存活于小白鼠肠道16-17。本文拟重点探讨地衣芽孢杆菌SCAU1602饲喂蛋鸡后鸡粪可培养细菌数量、种群遗传多样性的变化,弄清其对鸡粪中有益菌群的促进效果,筛选优良细菌,以期为“替抗养殖”提供优良益生菌株。1材料和方法1.1试验材料供试菌株:地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)SCAU1602,由四川农业大学应用微生物学系提供。制备成1.0108 CFU/mL浓度的液体菌剂。实验动物:224日龄、体重及产蛋率接近的健康蛋鸡。基础饲粮组成及营养水平见文献18。1.2试验设计试验设2个处理,T1:常规饲喂,作为对照;T2:基础饲粮添加1%地衣芽孢杆菌SCAU1602液体菌剂,含菌量1.0108 CFU/kg,充分混匀。各设3个重复,每个重复54羽蛋鸡。试验在成都天添农牧有限公司养殖场进行,采用小群体笼养,试验前一周对鸡舍消毒,保持饲养环境相对湿度55%60%,控制温度2225,每天光照16 h,自然光照辅以人工光照。持续饲喂90 d,其间自由采食和饮水,每天上午7:30、下午3:00喂料。1.3样品采集分别于第0(饲喂当日)、7、14、30天和第90天随机收集各重复处理的新鲜鸡粪(鸡粪),混匀后各取100 g样品,冰盒保存带回,-80 保存备用。1.4测定项目及方法1.4.1鸡粪氨氮及全氮含量测定鸡粪氨氮采用纳氏试剂比色法19,全氮含量采728第 4 期王祖昱,等:地衣芽孢杆菌SCAU1602饲喂对鸡粪可培养细菌遗传多样性影响及有益细菌筛选用凯氏定氮法20测定。1.4.2不同处理鸡粪中可培养细菌数量测定及分离纯化各称取10 g鸡粪样品转入90 mL 无菌水,180 r/min振荡30 min,取1 mL菌悬液按10-210-7梯度稀释。各取1 mL菌悬液,混菌法测定中温型细菌(30)、耐高温细菌(55)、乳酸菌(37)以及大肠杆菌(30)数量13,21。以两个处理第90天的新鲜鸡粪为材料,分离中温型和耐高温细菌,根据菌落形态、大小和颜色等特征,挑取菌落划线分离纯化、镜检,纯化的菌株编号,斜面培养基培养,4 保藏。1.4.3供试菌株遗传多样性和系统发育分析1.4.3.1供试菌株DNA提取供试菌株在LB培养基中培养至对数生长期,取1 mL菌液,4、10 000 r/min离心5 min,弃上清,超纯水洗涤3次,加入500 L Chelex 100(西格玛奥德里奇贸易有限公司,上海),按操作手册提取细菌DNA22,1%琼脂糖电泳检测,-20 保存备用。1.4.3.2供试菌株BOX-A1R分析采用BOX引物(5-CTACGGCAAGGCGCTGACG-3)扩增供试菌株BOXA1R指纹图谱,应用NTSYSpc 2.1软件,平均连锁聚类法(UPGMA)聚类23。1.4.3.3代表菌株16S rRNA 基因测序及系统发育树构建以代表菌株的基因组 DNA 为模板,27f(5-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCA-3)、1492r(5-GGTTAC CTTGTTACGACTT-3)为引物,扩增16S rDNA片段23,送生工(上海)测序,在 GenBank 登录,序列号为OQ472420-OQ472481。EzBioCloud(https:/ rRNA基因序列。1.4.4供试菌株产氨氮能力,产淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性测定供试菌株在牛肉膏蛋白胨培养液活化培养至对数生长期(中温型细菌30、耐高温细菌55),调整菌液浓度一致,按1.0%接种到牛肉膏蛋白胨培养液,摇床培养48 h,取适量菌液,4、10 000 r/min离心5 min,分别测定上清液中氨氮含量19、淀粉酶和蛋白酶活力24-25,以未接种培养液为对照。1.5数据处理数据统计采用 Microsoft Excel 2016、SPSS 21.0进行;代表菌株系统发育树构建采用MEGA 7.0邻接法(neighbour-joining)23。2研究结果2.1不同处理鸡粪氮素变化两个处理第0、7、14、30和90天的鸡粪全氮及氨氮含量见图1,结果可知,T1处理鸡粪全氮及氨氮含量在090 d内无明显变化,而T2处理鸡粪氨氮含量随饲喂时间增加而逐渐下降,至第90天时显著减少了58.72%(P0.05)。2.2不同处理鸡粪中可培养细菌数量变化可培养细菌数量的测定结果表明(图2),不同处理鸡粪的中温型细菌、耐高温细菌和乳酸菌数量均表现为T1T2处理。从第0天至第90天,随着饲喂时间增加,T2处理鸡粪的中温型细菌数量由1.32108 CFU/g上升至2.43109 CFU/g,乳酸菌数量由2.67106 CFU/g增加至1.05107 CFU/g,大肠菌群数量由5.13104 CFU/g不同小写英文字母表示各处理的平均数在 P=0.05水平差异显著(Duncan)。图2同。Different letters indicate significant differences in the mean of each treatment at the P=0.05 level(Duncan).The same as figure 2.图1不同处理鸡粪全氮、氨氮含量Figure 1total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen content of chicken manure in different treatment729四川农业大学学报第 41 卷 降为9.87103 CFU/g。结果还表明,两种处理的鸡粪中均有耐高温细菌生长,但数量差异较大。T2处理耐高温细菌数量由第0天的2.50105 CFU/g显著上升至第90天的8.87105 CFU/g,增加了2.55倍,T1处理无明显变化(图2)。2.3鸡粪中可培养细菌遗传多样性及系统发育从两种处理鸡粪样品分离纯化得到133株细菌,其中T1处理62株菌,包括中温细菌36株,记为T1Z1-T1Z36,耐高温细菌26株,记为T1G1-T1G26;T2处理分离得到71株细菌,包括中温细菌42株,记为 T2Z1-T2Z42,耐高温细菌 29 株,记为 T2G1-T2G29。2.3.1不同处理鸡粪可培养中温细菌的遗传多样性及系统发育2.3.1.1中温细菌的BOXA1R-PCR结果以中温细菌DNA为模板,BOXA1R扩增,2%琼脂糖电泳检测指纹图谱,UPGMA聚类分析获得树状图(图3A)。结果显示,鸡粪的中温细菌遗传差异明显,分为12个遗传群,遗传群最大,由16个菌株组成,其中分离自T1处理占12株;其次为群,由13株细菌组成,T1处理有7株;遗传群、和群由T2的菌株组成,群为T1的2株细菌。2.3.1.2中温细菌系统发育基于BOXA1R-PCR 遗传群和菌株形态特征,选取了39株中温细菌为代表菌株,扩增16S rRNA 基因片段测序,MEGA7.0构建了供试菌株的系统发育树(图4)。图4可见,鸡粪中温型细菌的系统发育存在较大差异,所有供试中温型细菌分布于8个系统发育分支,分支1为肠球菌属(Enterococcus),包含 BOX 遗传群 II、III、IV,在 T1、T2 的分离比例为19.44%和50.00%,为T2处理的优势属;分支2为气球菌属(Aerococcus),仅包含BOX遗传群I,在T1的占比为33.33%,为优势地位,在T2的占比为9.52%;分支3为葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus),由BOX遗传群VIII和IX组成,在T2的占比为4.76%,相对于T1处理下降了11.90%;分支4为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),T1占比为5.56%,T2占比23.81%,上升了18.25%;分支 5 为棒状杆菌属(Corynebacterium),为 BOX遗传群VII,主要分离自T1,T2占比仅2.38%;分支6为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter),分离自T1,为BOX遗传群XI菌株;分支7为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas),对应于BOX 遗传群X 菌株,T1占比11.11%,T2占比下降了8.73%。分支8为鞘氨醇杆菌属(Sphingobacterium),由BOX遗传群XII菌株组成,分离自T2样品。对分离自T1、T2的细菌种群比例进行分析的结果显示,T1分属于8个种,T2分属于11个种(表1)。T1 以绿色气球菌(A.viridans)为优势类群,占比33.33%;T2以乳酸肠球菌(E.lactis)为优势群,占比19.05%。与T1相比,T2处理中绿色气球菌(A.viri图2不同处理鸡粪可培养细菌数量Figure 2Amount of culturable bacteria in chicken manure of different treatment730第 4 期王祖昱,等:地衣芽孢杆菌SCAU1602饲喂对鸡粪可培养细菌遗传多样性影响及有益细菌筛选dans)、马胃葡萄球菌亚种(S.equorum subsp.)和隆德假单胞菌(P.lundensis)占比分别降低了23.81%、11.51%和8.73%。T2处理鸡粪未分离出鲁氏不动杆菌(A.lwoffii),新分离出乳酸肠球菌(E.lactis)、海氏肠球菌(E.hirae)、贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(B.velezensis)和Sphingobacterium daejeonense等有益细菌类群。2.3.2不同处理鸡粪耐高温细菌遗传多样性及系统发育2.3.2.1耐高温细菌BOXA1R-PCR结果对鸡粪耐高温细菌BOXA1R PCR聚类分析表明(图3B),所有菌株分为4个遗传群,其中群I最大,由19个菌株组成,其中,12株T1和7株T2的细菌;其次为群,由15个菌株组成,其中T2处理的菌株占比为60%;群由分离自T2处理的12株菌株组成;群有9个菌株,分离自T1的占88.89%。2.3.2.2耐高温细菌系统发育根据BOXA1R-PCR结果,选取了23株代表菌,测定16S rRNA 基因序列,构建系统发育树。结果显示,耐高温细菌分布于2个系统发育分支(表2,图5),分支1为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),包含BOX遗传群、,在T1处理中分离比例为69.23%,在T2处理中分离比例为96.55%,为两个处理的耐高温细菌优势属。分支2为库特氏菌属(Kurthia),包括BOX遗传群的菌株。综合BOX和系统发育结果,对鸡粪耐高温的群落组成比例进行了分析(表2),T1以枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis)为优势类群,占比46.15%,其次为吉氏库特氏菌(K.gibsonii),占比30.77%。T2以地衣芽孢杆菌AB T1G1 T1G4 T1G10 T2G17 T1G5 T1G25 T1G23 T2G27 T1G14 T2G2 T1G18 T2G13 T1G20 T1G13 T2G11 T2G24 T2G26 T1G16 T1G21 T1G2 T1G11 T2G16 T1G6 T1G9 T2G9 T2G18 T1G17 T2G10 T1G19 T2G20 T2G21 T2G4 T2G6 T2G22 T2G7 T2G28 T2G19 T2G25 T2G3 T2G8 T2G12T2G23 T2G29 T2G1 T2G15 T2G5 T1G3 T1G24 T1G7 T1G15 T1G26 T2G14 T1G8 T1G12 T1G22T1Z1 T1Z23 T1Z10 T1Z12 T1Z21 T1Z33 T1Z7 T2Z10 T1Z31 T1Z9 T2Z24 T1Z8 T1Z29 T2Z9 T1Z26 T2Z25 T1Z2 T1Z6 T1Z25 T2Z1 T1Z11 T1Z22 T2Z5 T2Z2 T2Z17 T2Z7 T2Z11 T1Z27 T1Z34 T2Z8 T2Z27 T2Z37 T2Z35 T2Z36 T2Z39 T2Z6 T2Z30 T2Z14 T2Z23 T2Z19 T2Z28 T2Z32 T2Z41 T2Z42 T2Z3 T2Z4 T2Z15 T2Z38 T2Z22 T2Z34 T1Z24 T2Z20 T2Z21 T1Z35 T2Z29 T2Z40 T1Z5 T1Z13 T1Z17 T2Z31 T1Z15 T1Z36 T1Z32 T2Z12 T1Z19 T1Z28 T1Z30 T2Z26 T1Z3 T1Z14 T1Z16 T1Z18 T2Z13 T1Z4 T1Z20 T2Z16 T2Z18 Coefficient0.570.680.780.891.00Coefficient0.530.640.760.881.00T2Z33图3供试中温细菌(A)和耐高温细菌(B)BOXA1R PCR聚类树状图Figure 3UPGMA dendrogram constructed by BOXA1R PCR fingerprints of mesophilic bacteria(A)andhigh temperature resistant bacteria(B)731四川农业大学学报第 41 卷 T2Z14(OQ472436)T2Z32(OQ472427)T2Z28(OQ472430)T2Z42(OQ472420)Enterococcus hirae ATCC 9790T(CP003504)Enterococcus lactis BT159T(GU983697)T2Z39(OQ472422)T2Z30(OQ472429)T2Z8(OQ472441)T2Z36(OQ472424)Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433T(ASDA01000001)T1Z6(OQ472455)T2Z5(OQ472442)T1Z27(OQ472448)T2Z11(OQ472439)T1Z1(OQ472457)T1Z8(OQ472454)Aerococcus viridans ATCC 11563T(ADNT01000041)T2Z10(OQ472440)T2Z24(OQ472432)T1Z36(OQ472444)T2Z12(OQ472438)T1Z32(OQ472446)T1Z15(OQ472452)Staphylococcus equorum subsp.ATCC 43958T(AB009939)Staphylococcus xylosus CCM 2738T(MRZO01000018)T1Z30(OQ472447)T2Z26(OQ472431)T2Z21(OQ472433)T2Z40(OQ472421)T1Z35(OQ472445)T1Z24(OQ472449)Bacillus subtilis IAM 12118T(AB042061)Bacillus velezensis CR-502T(AY603658)T2Z3(OQ472443)T2Z15(OQ472435)T2Z34(OQ472425)T2Z38(OQ472423)Corynebacterium stationis DSM 20302T(CP009251)T1Z5(OQ472456)T2Z31(OQ472428)T1Z4(OQ472458)T1Z20(OQ472450)Acinetobacter lwoffii EX18T(KF317888)Pseudomonas lundensis DSM 6252T(JYKY01000060)T2Z13(OQ472437)T1Z14(OQ472453)T1Z16(OQ472451)T2Z33(OQ472426)Sphingobacterium daejeonense TR6-04T(AB249372)T2Z18(OQ472434)88 100 94 100 100 82 100 100 70 100 93 100 100 100 100 95 100 89 96 100 100 99 100 99 87 0.05分支1分支2分支3分支4分支5分支6分支7分支8Sphingobacterium Pseudomonas AcinetobacterCorynebacterium Bacillus Staphylococcus AerococcusEnterococcusGenus图4中温细菌代表菌株16S rRNA基因序列系统发育Figure 4Phylogeny of representative mesophilic bacteria based on 16S rRNA gene sequences表1鸡粪中温型细菌遗传鉴定结果Table 1Genetic identification of mesophilic bacteria in chicken manure菌株编号Strain codeT1Z1,T1Z23,T1Z10,T1Z12,T1Z21,T1Z33,T1Z7,T1Z31,T1Z9,T1Z8,T1Z29,T1Z26,T2Z10,T2Z24,T2Z9,T2Z25T1Z2,T1Z6,T1Z25,T1Z11,T1Z22,T2Z2,T1Z27,T1Z34,T2Z1,T2Z5,T2Z17,T2Z7,T2Z11T2Z8,T2Z27,T2Z37,T2Z35,T2Z36,T2Z39,T2Z6,T2Z30T2Z14,T2Z19,T2Z28,T2Z23,T2Z32,T2Z42,T2Z41T2Z4,T2Z15,T2Z3,T2Z22,T2Z34,T2Z38T1Z35,T1Z24,T2Z21,T2Z20,T2Z29,T2Z40T1Z5,T1Z17,T1Z13,T2Z31T1Z15,T1Z32,T1Z28,T1Z36,T1Z19,T2Z12T1Z30,T2Z26T1Z3,T1Z14,T1Z16,T1Z18,T2Z13T1Z20,T1Z4T2Z18,T2Z16,T2Z33代表菌株Representative strain(accession No.)T1Z8(OQ472454)T2Z11(OQ472439)T2Z30(OQ472429)T2Z28(OQ472430)T2Z15(OQ472435)T1Z24(OQ472472)T1Z5(OQ472456)T1Z32(OQ472446)T1Z30(OQ472447)T1Z14(OQ472453)T1Z4(OQ472458)T2Z33(OQ472426)BOX遗传群BOX genotype16S rRNA基因比对分析近缘菌株Nearest type strain(accession No.)Aerococcus viridans(ADNT01000041)Enterococcus faecalis(ASDA01000001)Enterococcus lactis(GU983697)Enterococcus hirae(CP003504)Bacillus velezensis(AY603658)Bacillus subtilis(AB042061)Corynebacterium stationis(CP009251)Staphylococcus equorum subsp.(AB009939)Staphylococcus xylosus(MRZO01000018)Pseudomonas lundensis(JYKY01000060)Acinetobacter lwoffii(KF317888)Sphingobacterium daejeonense(AB249372)相似性Similarity/%99.399.599.499.199.999.799.499.799.798.999.199.4732第 4 期王祖昱,等:地衣芽孢杆菌SCAU1602饲喂对鸡粪可培养细菌遗传多样性影响及有益细菌筛选(B.licheniformis)为优势种,占比41.38%,其次为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B.amyloliquefaciens),占比31.03%。同时,T2处理解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B.amyloliquefaciens)增加了7.96%,吉氏库特氏菌(K.gibsonii)占比下降了27.32%。表明B.licheniformis SCAU1602可在蛋鸡肠道很好定殖并旺盛生长,改变了鸡粪耐高温细菌组成。2.4供试菌株产氨氮能力及产蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性分析根据BOXA1R、16S rRNA系统发育分析结果,选取了16个代表菌株分析了氨氮产生能力(表3)。结果显示,不同菌株的产氨氮能力存在差异,T1处理大多数菌株产氨能力较强,其中以吉氏库特氏菌(K.gibsonii)T1G24、停滞棒杆菌(C.stationis)T1Z5的产氨能力较强,培养液中的氨氮浓度介于0.332-0.406 mg/L。产氨能力较弱的菌株(培养液氨氮0.10 mg/L)在 T1 的 比 例 为 43.55%,T2 处 理 为78.87%。表3结果表明,产蛋白酶的细菌主要分布在肠球菌属和芽孢杆菌属,以耐高温芽孢杆菌为主,其产酶能力高于中温型细菌。分离自T2处理的细菌,产表2鸡粪耐高温细菌遗传鉴定结果Table 2Genetic identification of high temperature resistant bacteria in chicken manure菌株编号Strain codeT1G1,T1G4,T1G5,T1G10,T1G13,T1G14,T1G16,T1G18,T1G20,1G21,T1G23,T1G25,T2G2,T2G11,T2G13,T2G17,T2G24,T2G26,T2G27T1G2,T1G6,T1G9,T1G11,T1G17,T1G19,T2G4,T2G6,T2G9,T2G10,T2G16,T2G18,T2G20,T2G21,T2G22T2G1,T2G3,T2G5,T2G7,T2G8,T2G12,T2G15,T2G19,T2G23,T2G25,T2G28,T2G29T1G3,T1G7,T1G8,T1G12,T1G15,T1G22,T1G24,T1G26,T2G14代表菌株Representative strain(accession No.)T2G17(OQ472465)T2G18(OQ472464)T2G15(OQ472467)T1G24(OQ472472)BOX遗传群BOX genotype16S rRNA基因近缘菌株Nearest type strain(accession No.)Bacillus subtilis(AB042061)Bacillus amyloliquefaciens(FN597644)Bacillus licheniformis(AE017333)Kurthia gibsonii(X70320)相似性Similarity/%99.999.999.799.9T2G17T2G24T2G2T1G21T1G18T1G13T1G5Bacillus subtilis IAM 12118T(AB042061)T2G27T1G2T1G19T2G18T1G9T1G17Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DSM 7T(FN597644)T2G16T2G21T2G22T2G1T2G7Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580T(AE017333)T2G15T2G29T1G24T1G12Kurthia gibsonii NCIMB 9758T(X70320)T2G1410078809967669896980.01分支1分支2BacillusKurthiagenus图5耐高温细菌代表菌株16S rRNA系统发育树Figure 5Phylogeny of thermotolerant bacteria based on 16S rRNA gene sequences733四川农业大学学报第 41 卷 蛋白酶、淀粉酶的菌株比例分别较T1增加了76.13%和45.57%,说明饲喂地衣芽孢杆菌SCAU1602促进了鸡粪中高产蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性的细菌生长。根据试验结果,获得了高产蛋白酶的枯草芽孢杆菌T2G17,酶活89.93 U/mL,高产淀粉酶的解淀粉芽孢杆菌T2G18,活性128.87 U/mL。同时,T2Z28和T2Z30产氨能力很弱,很可能具有除臭能力。3讨论粪便可培养细菌种群一定程度上反映了肠道微生态系统的功能,其中有益微生物具有促进生长、抑制致病菌繁殖、调节免疫等功效26。本研究中,饲喂地衣芽孢杆菌SCAU1602后显著降低了鸡粪中氨氮含量(P0.05),与饲喂克鲁假丝酵母27、嗜酸乳杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌28的效果相同。日粮中添加微生态制剂,可增加肠道微生物活性,降低鸡粪NH4+-N含量,提高蛋白质利用29。从可培养细菌数量看,饲喂地衣芽孢杆菌SCAU1602持续减少了鸡粪中有害细菌(大肠杆菌)的数量,显著增加了中温细菌、耐高温细菌和乳酸菌的数量,改善了肠道微生态环境,这与Chen Y.C.等30结果相同。本研究中,饲喂地衣芽孢杆菌SCAU1602,有效提高了鸡粪可培养细菌的多样性和丰富度。中温型细菌中的有益菌群如乳酸肠球菌和海氏肠球菌丰度大幅上升,成为优势菌群。肠球菌属普遍存在于人和动物肠道,乳酸肠球菌和海氏肠球菌作为益生菌,产生的抗菌活性物质可有效抑制病原菌繁殖31-32,乳酸肠球菌已得到欧盟动物饲料

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