“最麻烦的染色体”首次完全测序.pdf

339第 45 卷第 5 期 专题综述Chinese Journal of Nature Vol.45 No.5 REVIEW ARTICLE31 NOVOSELOV K S,JIANG Z,ZHANG Y,et al.Room-temperature quantum Hall effect in graphene J.Science,2007,315(5817):1379.32 TAKEDA K,SHIRAISHI K.Theoretical possibility of stage corrugation in Si and Ge analogs of graphite J.Physical Review B,1994,50(20):14916-14922.33 VOGT P,DE PADOVA P,QUARESIMA C,et al.Silicene:compelling experimental evidence for graphenelike two-dimensional silicon J.Physical Review Letters,2012,108(15):155501.34 QUHE R G,WANG Y Y,L J.Silicene transistors a review J.Chinese Physics B,2015,24(8):088105.35 CHUAN M W,WONG K L,HAMZAH A,et al.2D honeycomb silicon:a review on theoretical advances for silicene field-effect transistors J.Current Nanoscience,2020,16(4):595-607.36 DU Y,ZHUANG J,LIU H,et al.Tuning the band gap in silicene by oxidation J.ACS Nano,2014,8(10):10019-10025.37 DU Y,ZHUANG J,WANG J,et al.Quasi-freestanding epitaxial silicene on Ag(111)by oxygen intercalation J.Science Advances,2016,2(7):e1600067.38 DVILA M E,XIAN L,CAHANGIROV S,et al.Germanene:a novel two-dimensional germanium allotrope akin to graphene and silicene J.New Journal of Physics,2014,16(9):095002.39 MU H,LIU Y,BONGU S R,et al.Germanium nanosheets with dirac characteristics as a saturable absorber for ultrafast pulse generation J.Advanced Materials,2021,33(32):e2101042.40 BAMPOULIS P,CASTENMILLER C,KLAASSEN D J,et al.Quantum spin Hall states and topological phase transition in germanene J.Physical Review Letters,2023,130(19):196401.41 YAO Q,ZHANG L,KABANOV N S,et al.Bandgap opening in hydrogenated germanene J.Applied Physics Letters,2018,112(17):171607.42 XI Y,JING X,XU Z,et al.Superconductivity in layered van der Waals hydrogenated germanene at high pressure J.Journal of the American Chemical Society,2022,144(41):18887-18895.Research progress of low-dimensional quantum materialsLI Keren,XI Yilian,FENG Haifeng,DU YiSchool of Physics,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,ChinaAbstract Many novel quantum effects can be observed in some special materials,which are the carriers of quantum effects and are called quantum materials.The research on quantum materials is leading a new technological revolution and is a hot frontier in many research fields.Because of the correlation between electrons and electrons in low-dimensional materials and the obvious limiting effect of electrons,there are rich and wonderful quantum effects or behaviors in low-dimensional materials.This paper mainly introduces several mechanisms affecting the basic properties of quantum materials from the quantum effects in materials,and focuses on the development history,development status and current challenges of several low-dimensional quantum materials(topological insulators,graphene,silene,germanene).Key words low-dimensional quantum material,quantum tunneling effect,quantum Hall effect,topological insulator,graphene,silene,germanene(编辑：沈美芳)“最麻烦的染色体”首次完全测序对Y染色体进行完全测序曾经被认为是一项不可能完成的任务，因为Y染色体上充满了重复和倒置的DNA片段，将破译的DNA片段按正确的顺序组合在一起很有挑战性。自然信息现在，除了对一条Y染色体进行全测序，利用最先进的技术，研究人员甚至可对世界各地男性提供的数十条Y染色体进行测序。这标志着人们期待已久的人类基因组全测序目标完成了最后一步。2023年8月23日，两篇相关论文发表于 自然。第一篇详细介绍了Y染色体重复区域是如何排列的，并确定了数十个新基因，而第二篇论文则指出，上述排列方式及基因数量因人而异。“该研究标志着人类遗传学开启了一个全新时代。”未参与该研究的比利时鲁汶大学遗传学家Toomas Kivisild说。科学家认为，最初的Y染色体和X染色体是一样的。但随着时间推移，Y染 下转第370页370Chinese Journal of Nature Vol.45 No.5 REVIEW ARTICLEApplication of Raman spectroscopy in the study of heterojunction of two-dimensional semiconductor photocatalystsLYU Zixuan,CUI Dandan,FENG Haifeng,HAO WeichangSchool of Physics,Beihang University,Beijing 100083,ChinaAbstract The design of highly active photocatalysts is an effective means of efficient utilization of solar energy,and two-dimensional(2D)semiconductor photocatalysts have great advantages in the study of photocatalysis due to their unique physical and chemical properties.Raman spectroscopy is increasingly used in the research of semiconductor materials because of its advantages such as short detection time,in situ,non-destructive testing and simple sample preparation.In this paper,the basic principle of Raman spectroscopy is introduced,and the research on the design of 2D semiconductor photocatalysts in recent years has been summarized.The application of Raman spectroscopy in the study of transverse and longitudinal heterojunction of 2D semiconductor photocatalysts is reviewed,which lays a technical foundation for the design of new 2D semiconductor photocatalysts.Key words Raman spectroscopy,two-dimensional semiconductor photocatalyst,heterojunction(编辑：温文)37 LIU J,KE J,LI Y,et al.Co3O4 quantum dots/TiO2 nanobelt hybrids for highly efficient photocatalytic overall water splitting J.Appl Catal B,2018,236:396-403.38 GARCIA-BASABE Y,PEIXOTO G F,GRASSESCHI D,et al.Phase transition and electronic structure investigation of MoS2-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite decorated with Au nanoparticles J.Nanotechnology,2019,30(47):475707.39 SIVAKUMAR S,DANIEL THANGADURAI T,MANJUBAASHINI N,et al.Two-dimensional z-type MoS2/g-C3N4 sem