《康熙皇舆全览图》中的青藏高原图景及其意义.pdf

30 (81007)18 K873 A 2095-0039-2023-01-0030-10 2022-10-15基金项目：国家社科基金重点项目“新发现英国国家图书馆藏藏文历史文献整理与研究”(21AZS003)(1987-)(1996-)2020 311716 (胜 住)1719172132 (岳钟麒)1725713 “”1(赵)17 1689 714(Nerchinsk)1708416 (赫 寿)1711(Jean-Baptise Regis)171728 M 1987:603“”32 ”3 1716 1717 “()”4 1717 17191722 (孔令伟)(钦定大清会典)(清史稿)“”(阿木岛喇嘛)18(Jean-Baptise Du halde)2 1716 “33”7 17235 “”8 1723 “”5 “”6 17235(年羹尧)“59 (广仁寺)1705 34 17 1716 18 16”9 “”10 1720“”17236 35641 1652“”11 1635(徐光启)1644(Johann Adam Schall von Bell)1661 1711 1669 (Louis XIV)1:14000001:1500000 36 171728 1617 181711(Jean-Baptise Duhalde)“”13 171932 1314 15 “”121715 37 (南干喀普巴阿林)(扎里阿林)(萨噶藏布必拉)(帕 里 藏 布 必 拉)(丁 加 河 屯)(几隆河屯)(年尔母河屯)(帕里宗河屯)15(拉我齐达巴罕)(努布拉达巴罕)(马木品达拉鄂模)(郎楚必拉)(拉达克河屯)(桑纳苏木多鄂模)(楚母勒 地 河 屯)(必 的 河 屯)(几母扎庙)(必土克庙)1391 3050(91E,3050N)“851呐噶儿则 1719那喀拉则河屯”14 851 17171718 2960(2960N)1719 3050(3050N)14”朱母郎马阿林”2910 2640(2910W,2640N)38 114 孔令伟，钦差喇嘛楚兒沁藏布兰木占巴、清代西藏喇嘛地图测绘舆世界地理知识之传播 J.中央研究院历史语言所集刊，第 92 本，第 3 分，2021：607;627.213Jean-Baptise Duhalde.Descripition geographique,historique,chronologique,politique,et physique de lempire de la chine et de la Tararie chinoise,paris 1735:vol.IV:463;459.3568 M 2010:65;149;151;158.4 穆彰阿等修订.嘉庆重修一统志 Z.台北：台湾商务印书馆，1996：11：“本朝康熙五十六年，遣喇嘛楚尔沁藏布兰木占巴、理藩院主事胜住等，绘画西海、西藏舆图，测量地形，以此处为天下之脊，众山之脉，皆由此起云。”7910 季永梅等编.年羹尧满汉奏折译编M.天津：天津古籍出版社，1995:5;7;7.1112 M 1987:599;602.18 1830(Carte Genrale du Thibet ou Bout-tan)39康熙皇舆全览图中的青藏高原图景及其意义尕本加，拉毛吉摘要:康熙皇舆全览图是 18 世纪问世的一幅清朝疆域地图，其中的青藏高原地貌图像是由藏传佛教高僧达喇嘛楚儿沁藏布兰占巴绘制而成，为清廷认识和了解 18 世纪青藏高原区域结构和自然地理的重要窗口，亦是近代中华民族共同体历史形成和清中央与西藏地方隶属关系的重要依据。通过对藏汉相关历史文献的解读，分析了康熙皇舆全览图中青藏高原地貌图像的特征、内容及相关信息，指出康熙皇帝绘制这幅地图的目的和意义，考证了绘制该地图者达喇嘛楚儿沁藏布兰木占巴的生平事迹。认为达喇嘛楚儿沁藏布兰木占巴是一位出生于安多地区的格鲁派高僧，在清廷钦天监学习西洋数学和地图测绘技术后，利用经纬坐标方法绘制了以山川为坐标的从“上部阿里三围”至“朵康”间的大部分青藏高原自然图景，并将山川、河流等名称以藏语满文转写，既符合翻译学基本准则，又便于满清统治阶层接受和采用。因此，该地图的绘制使清政府加深了对涉藏地区自然地理的认识，并进一步促进了清朝中央与西藏地方之间的政治、经济、文化等方面的交往交流与交融。同时，运用文献资料、图像对勘和比较法，对地图中的山川、古堡、寺庙等进一步作了考证和辨别，挖掘了其中的历史地理信息，进而指出这幅地图的学术价值和现实意义。关键词:康熙皇舆全览图；青藏高原；达喇嘛楚尔沁藏布兰木占巴作者简介:尕本加(1987-)，男，藏族，青海贵德人，青海民族大学藏学院教授、博士、硕士生导师、藏学研究中心主任。研究方向：藏族文化史、青藏高原区域社会史、藏文文献。拉毛吉(1996-)，女，藏族，青海同仁人，青海民族大学藏学院 2020 级历史文献学专业硕士研究生。研究方向：青藏高原区域历史与文献。On the Qinghai-Tibet Map and Its Meaning from the Overview Maps of Imperial Territories During Kangxis Reign bKa-Bum-rGyal&Lha-Mo-sKyidAbstrac t:Overview Maps of Imperial Territories During Kangxis Reign is one of the most precious maps in Chinese history,among the map of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is made by the Da-bLa-Ma-Tshul-Khrims-bZang-Po-Rab-Byams-Pa,who lived in the Forbidden City in the 18th century.It is an indispensable data in the research of historical and geographical cognition of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau since there is no record of this map in the current historical study of the Tibetan Plateau.This paper analyzes the contents of the map of Tibetan Plateau and its related historical and geographic information in Overview Maps of Imperial Territories During Kangxis Reign through some historical documents in both Tibetan and Chinese.The political reasons and purpose of emperor Kangxi drawing this map are emphasized.And through the life of Da-bLa-Ma-Tshul-Khrims-bZang-Po-Rab-Byams-Pa,pointed out that he was a dGe-Lugs sect monk in the Tao,Min and the areas of the border of Chinese and Tibetan inhabited places.In Qing Bureau of Astronomy learning western mathematics and map surveying and mapping technology,he used longitude coordinates method,drawing Ali,Yangtze river and the Yellow River.The article also discusses in detail about the influence of the eminent monk on the political and cultural exchanges between the Qing central government and the local government of Tibet.It uses the method of literature and map comparison to conduct the research of the landscape,city site and temple in the map to fill the gap of the Tibetan geographical understanding.It reflects the historical value of this map as an important tool for the Qing government and the Western countries to deeply understand the Tibetan Plateau and Himalayas.Extending the important role of this map in the cultural exchanges between the East and the West,and the embodiment of the cohesion of the Chinese nation.Keywords:Overview Maps of Imperial Territories during Kangxis Reign,the map of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,Da-bLa-Ma-Tshul-Khrims-bZang-Po-Rab-Byams-PaAbout the author:bKa-Bum-rGyal,professor and Ph.D.at the Tibetan Department,Qinghai Minzu University,director of Tibetology Center.Research interests:history of Tibetan culture,social history of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Tibetan documents.Lha-Mo-sKyid,M.A.student at Qinghai Minzu University.Research interests:history and literature of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.