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2001
_2020
我国
甘蔗
成本
收益
动态
演变
原因
探究
收稿日期:2022-11-18;修回日期:2023-05-29 基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目“甘蔗健康种苗与肥料优化施用关键技术创建与示范”(2020YFD100601);国家现代农业产业技术体系(糖料)建设专项资金(CARS-170601)作者简介:刘晓雪(1977-),山东临沂人,女,博士,北京工商大学副教授,国家糖料产业技术体系产业经济岗位科学家,主要研究领域:农产品市场与衍生品市场;E-mail: 王京(2000-),男,北京人,北京工商大学产业经济研究生,研究领域:农产品市场与期货市场;E-mail: 周靖昀(1999-),女,北京人,北京工商大学经济学院,国家糖料产业技术体系产业经济研究室团队成员,产业经济学硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品市场与期货市场 引文格式:刘晓雪,王京,周靖昀.20012020 年我国甘蔗成本收益动态演变与原因探究J.甘蔗糖业,2023,52(3):55-70.甘蔗糖业甘蔗糖业 2023 年第 52 卷第 3 期,2023 年 6 月 Sugarcane and Canesugar Vol.52,No.3,Jun.2023 20012020 年我国甘蔗成本收益动态演变与原因探究 刘晓雪,王 京,周靖昀(北京工商大学经济学院,北京 100048)摘 要:基于全国农产品成本收益资料汇编的单位面积成本收益数据,采用趋势分析法和比较分析法研究了 20012020 年我国及 4 个主产区甘蔗总成本和收益的变化规律,在此基础上进一步探究了甘蔗成本收益动态演变的驱动因素。研究结果表明:第一,20012020 年我国甘蔗总成本逐步提高,2010 年起甘蔗总成本增幅加快,2012 年增幅达到顶峰 21.67%;第二,从甘蔗总成本构成来看,2020 年劳动力成本、物质与服务费用、土地成本分别占甘蔗总成本的 48.3%、36.9%、14.8%,而从 3 种成本的年均增速来看,地租和劳动力成本的增速高于物质与服务费用的增速;第三,从 4 个产区来看,2020 年广西甘蔗总成本最高,云南和海南其次,广东最低;从甘蔗成本内部结构来看,海南人工成本占比最高,广东物质与服务费用占比最高,广西土地成本占比最高;第四,我国甘蔗成本利润率总体呈先增、后降、再低位震荡态势,经历了 3 个周期和 1 个未完成周期,4 个周期的成本利润率均值呈先增后降态势,2020年成本利润率约为 10.9%左右,下滑主要原因是成本增速快于净利润增速;第五,甘蔗成本收益动态演变主要受以下几个因素的影响:经济发展水平和竞争作物争地推升甘蔗总成本;受劳动力成本快速攀升且机收率较低,导致甘蔗总成本居高不下;我国蔗区异常气候频发、产业发展面临较高的自然风险;蔗农比较收益较低且甘蔗收购价增长空间有限影响技术提升和模式优化动力;除制糖外,甘蔗资源综合利用对总产值的贡献不高;甘蔗农户和糖企合作模式和利益划分机制影响蔗农生产持续动力。研究结论为推动我国甘蔗产业高质量发展提供现实依据。关键词:甘蔗;成本收益;劳动力成本;地租;成本利润率;异常气候;高质量发展 中图分类号:F426.82 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1005-9695(2023)03-0055-16 Research on the Dynamic Evolution and Reasons of Sugarcane Cost Benefit in China from 2001 to 2020 LIU Xiaoxue,WANG Jing,ZHOU Jingyun(School of Economics,Beijing Technology and Business University,Beijing 100048)Abstract:Basing on the cost and income data per unit area compiled from the national agricultural product cost income data,this paper uses the trend analysis method and comparative analysis method to study the change law of the total cost and benefit of sugarcane in China and the four main production areas from 2001 to 2020,and analyzes the driving factors of the dynamic evolution of the cost and benefit of sugarcane in China and the four main production areas.The research results show that:first,the total cost of sugarcane production in China has【产业与市场】甘蔗糖业 2023 年第 52 卷第 3 期 Sugarcane and Canesugar-56-gradually increased in the past 20 years from 2001 to 2020.Since 2010,the growth rate of total cost of sugarcane has accelerated,and reached the peak of 21.67%in 2012;Second,in terms of the composition of the total cost of sugarcane,labor cost,material and service costs and land cost accounted for 48.3%,36.9%,14.8%of the total cost of sugarcane respectively.In terms of the average annual growth rate of the three costs,the growth rate of land rent and labor cost was higher than that of material and service costs;Third,from the perspective of the four production areas,the total cost of sugarcane in Guangxi will be the highest in 2020,followed by Yunnan and Hainan,and the lowest in Guangdong;From the perspective of the internal structure of sugarcane cost,Hainan has the highest proportion of labor costs,Guangdong has the highest proportion of material and service costs,and Guangxi has the highest proportion of land costs;Fourth,The cost profit margin of sugarcane in China generally shows a trend of first increasing,then decreasing,and then fluctuating at a low level.After three cycles and one unfinished cycle,the average cost profit margin of the four cycles shows a gradual downward trend.In 2020,the cost profit margin was about 10.9%.The main reason for the decline is that the cost growth rate is faster than the net profit growth rate;Fifth,the dynamic evolution of sugarcane cost and income is mainly due to the rapid rise of labor costs and low machine yield,resulting in the high total cost of sugarcane;Chinas sugarcane industry faces high natural risks due to frequent abnormal climate;The lower comparative income of sugarcane farmers and the limited growth space of sugarcane purchase price affect the motivation of technology upgrading and model optimization;In addition to sugar production,the comprehensive utilization of sugarcane resources does not contribute much to the total output value;The cooperation mode and benefit division mechanism between sugarcane farmers and sugar enterprises affect the sustainable power of sugarcane farmers production.The research conclusion provides a realistic basis for promoting the high-quality development of Chinas sugarcane industry.Keywords:Sugarcane;Cost benefit;Labor cost;Land rent;Cost profit margin;Abnormal climate;High-quality development 0 前言 食糖是关系国计民生的重要战略物资,是食品加工、制药、饮料等行业不可或缺的重要原料,也是人体所必需的 3 大养分(能量、蛋白质、脂肪)中能量的主要来源。食糖作为我国重要农产品,其产值和产量仅次于粮食、油料和棉花。2021/22 年榨季(10 月/9 月),我国是全球食糖第四大主产国、第二大消费国、第一大进口国,在全球具有较大影响力。近年来,尽管我国食糖产量和进口量在全球的影响力日益提升(图 1),然而甘蔗产业规模大而竞争力不足的短板问题受到国家高度关注1-2。2021 年 3月 6 日,李克强总理到广西代表团参加政府工作报告审议时指出:“蔗糖是食品加工行业中不可替代的重要原料。蔗糖生产看似小,但事关国家发展大局,与老百姓的实际生活息息相关。政府会继续支持蔗糖产业发展,希望有关方面也要持续推进科技创新,努力提高蔗糖产业的竞争力”3。2021 年4 月 2527 日,习近平总书记在广西考察,对广西糖业的发展高度关注,并作出重要指示。甘蔗作为食糖的主要原料之一,甘蔗产业能否健康稳步发展,直接关系到我国经济社会的发展、农村的繁荣和政治的稳定4。为此,基于全国农产品成本收益资料汇编的单位面积甘蔗成本和收益数据,研究我国甘蔗生产成