城市天际线规划和实施控制研究——以汕头城市天际线为例.pdf

89城市天际线规划和实施控制研究*以汕头城市天际线为例Research on Urban Skyline Planning and Implementation Control:A Case Study Based on the Urban Skyline in Shantou周剑云1，卓玙琪2，曾馨仪3ZHOU Jianyun,ZHUO Yuqi,ZENG Xinyi 本文引用格式 周剑云，卓玙琪，曾馨仪城市天际线规划和实施控制研究以汕头城市天际线为例 J南方建筑，2023（8）：89-98.ZHOU Jianyun，ZHUO Yuqi，ZENG XinyiResearch on Urban Skyline Planning and Implementation Control:A Case Study Based on the Urban Skyline in ShantouJSouth Architecture，2023(8)：89-98.摘要城市天际线既是城市发展在竖向维度的反映，也是建筑高度分区控制的目标与依据，尤其是标志性建筑选址与设计审查参照。系统梳理国内外天际线规划理论与实践研究，以汕头一湾两岸城市天际线规划控制研究项目为例，探讨对天际线的认识、核心规划管控内容与规划实施体系。提出：一、对城市天际线的认知是共时性与历时性的辩证统一，需遵循整体性原则；二、城市天际线规划管控的核心内容包括建筑高度分区及分层分段指标控制、滨水界面设计指引、节点焦点设计指引；三、建构“天际线管控图则”便于管理和应用。关键词城市天际线；开发控制；城市特征性；总体城市设计*基金项目国家自然科学基金资助项目（51978273）：城镇空间用途管制从“用地分类”向“用途分组”的规范工具转变。中图分类号TU02;TU984.11+3 文献标志码A DOI10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2023.08.010 文章编号1000-0232（2023）08-0089-10作者简介1教授；2博士研究生，通讯作者，电子邮箱：；1&2华南理工大学建筑学院、亚热带建筑与城市科学全国重点实验室；3厦门市城市规划设计研究院有限公司，助理工程师ABSTRACTAs Chinas urbanization enters the high-quality development stage,improving urban space quality becomes an important task of urban development.Urban skyline not only reflect vertical urban development,but is also the goal and reference for the zone control of building heights,especially for site selection and design review of landmark buildings.Research on urban skyline planning and control methods is of important significance to protect and strengthen urban features,shape local features,and improve the overall image of cities.Shantou has a long history of culture and is one of the first special economic zones in China.Suai Bay,which is located at the marine outfall of the Rongjiang River,runs through Shantou City.It divides the city into south and north parts,forming a unique landscape pattern of one bay and two banks facing each other.General experiences were summarized via a systematic literature review of the theory and practice of skyline planning in China and foreign countries.A case study based on the research program of urban skyline planning and control in Shantou City was carried out.Key attention was paid to understanding the urban skyline,core planning and control contents,and planning implementation system.According to the research:(1)the recognition of urban skyline is a dialectical unity of synchronicity and diachronism.It should follow the principle of integrity and reflect spatiotemporal integrity.The goals and principles of urban skyline planning should strengthen the overall morphological features of urban development,including protecting and displaying the skyline of historic urban areas and shaping unique contours in future development.(2)The core content of urban skyline planning and control includes zoning,hierarchical and segmented index control of building height,waterfront interface design guidance,and node and focus design guidance.Zoning of building height is the basic mean for urban skyline control.In hierarchical and segmented control,the three core control indexes include building clearance ratio,maximum diagonal size of plane,and building profile ratio control except for building height.The city interface directly reflects the image of the city.Management and control of city interface,especially interface observed at point of sight,are important in skyline planning.Moreover,requirements concerning sight protection of current landmark buildings as well as suggestions for site selection of commanding height of planning and height control are proposed through urban design in key regions.(3)Urban skyline planning is an important topic in overall urban design.Its essence lies in reflecting and coordinating between the overall urban planning objectives and the detailed planning development intensity control on the vertical projection.A skyline control drawing guideline was established for the convenience of management and application.As the implementation results of the skyline planning and control,the drawing guideline is not a simple transformation of urban skyline shape scheme,but a guide of goals,principles and methods.The skyline is controlled and implemented through the follow-up design review stage.KEY WORDSurban skyline;development control;urban characteristics;overall urban design开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）设计研究 Research on Design/南方建筑/South Architecture 2023.8 90官方网站 http:/ 引言城市天际线反映城市整体形象，是对城市风貌和历史文化内涵的高度概括，对表达和识别城市特色起到了重要作用。尤其在滨水城市，要素指山水植被等，而城市建设要素则指各种城市建筑和构筑物等人工要素。根据城市建设要素与整体自然要素之间的比例和尺度关系，城市天际线分为自然要素主导型、城市建设要素主导型和均衡型（图 1）。其中，标志性建筑是城市建设要素中特殊的部分。任何文化和任何时代的城市都有各自高耸而突出的地标建筑，以颂扬其信仰、权力和特殊成就。地标归纳了城市形式，突出了城市意象7。1.1.3 城市天际线的整体性特征：历时性与共时性的辩证统一城市天际线是城市总体形态特征之一，天际线巨大的尺度和动态的视角使其整体性感知具有“历时性”与“共时性”的特点。“共时性”与“历时性”是费尔迪南德索绪尔(Ferdinand de Saussure)在语言学中提出的一对术语，人可以从这两个角度探究对事物的认知。“共时性”排除时间的干扰，研究某一特定时刻系统内部各要素并存而形成的系统关系；“历时性”是指一个系统发展的历史变化情况，从时间维度上去研究各个要素的变化8。对城市天际线的认知是共时性与历时性的辩证统一，需要时刻遵循整体性原则。天际线既要直观的让观赏者一次建立对城市的整体印象，也要抽象的表达城市历史文化内涵演变，同时体现时间和空间的完整性。时间维度上，过去受地理环境因素限制,城市选址多萌芽于相对安全稳定、可渔可耕的滨水平原地区，背山面水。随着社会经济技术发展，城市逐步向远离水岸的内陆地区扩展。从单层茅草屋，到两三层砖瓦房，再到高层、超高层，建筑高度有明显的历史性差异。城市天际线是城市历时性的整体呈现，不仅反映