异色瓢虫对苜蓿上豌豆蚜和牛...蓟马的捕食效能及捕食偏好性_崔晓宁.pdf

39(1)38-45 中国生物防治学报 Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2023 年 2 月 收稿日期：2022-02-21 基金项目：国家自然科学基金（32060397）；甘肃农业大学博士科研启动基金（GAU-KYQD-2018-24）；国家牧草产业技术体系（CARS-34）作者简介：崔晓宁，博士，讲师，E-mail：；*通信作者。DOI:10.16409/ki.2095-039x.2022.11.021 异色瓢虫对苜蓿上豌豆蚜和牛角花齿蓟马的 捕食效能及捕食偏好性 崔晓宁1*，席驳鑫2，张博鸿1，孙元星2，胡桂馨1，刘艳君1，郝亚楠2（1.甘肃农业大学草业学院/草业生态系统教育部重点实验室/国家林业草原高寒草地鼠害防控工程技术研究中心，兰州 730070；2.甘肃农业大学植物保护学院，兰州 730070）摘要：异色瓢虫是我国苜蓿重要的天敌昆虫，豌豆蚜和牛角花齿蓟马是严重为害苜蓿的刺吸类害虫。为探究异色瓢虫对豌豆蚜和牛角花齿蓟马的生防潜力，室内测定了异色瓢虫 14 龄幼虫和雌成虫分别对豌豆蚜 23 龄若蚜和牛角花齿蓟马成虫的捕食功能反应及猎物捕食偏好性。结果表明，不同龄期的异色瓢虫对两种害虫的捕食功能反应均符合 Holling 模型。异色瓢虫 4 龄幼虫对豌豆蚜 23 龄若蚜的捕食能力最强，雌成虫次之，异色瓢虫 13 龄幼虫的捕食能力随龄期减少而逐渐降低。另外，异色瓢虫雌成虫对牛角花齿蓟马成虫的捕食能力最强，其次为 4 龄幼虫，3 龄幼虫和 2 龄幼虫的捕食能力较弱。不同龄期的异色瓢虫分别对豌豆蚜 23 龄若蚜和牛角花齿蓟马成虫的搜寻效应均随猎物密度的增加而降低。当猎物豌豆蚜若蚜和牛角花齿蓟马成虫以 3 种不同数量比例（豌豆蚜:蓟马40:80 头、60:60 头、80:40 头）共存时，异色瓢虫 4 龄幼虫对猎物的选择性指数（D）均大于 1，表明 4 龄幼虫对豌豆蚜表现较强的正捕食偏好性；但异色瓢虫雌成虫对猎物的选择性指数均小于 1，表明雌成虫对两种猎物无明显的捕食偏好。综上表明异色瓢虫对苜蓿豌豆蚜若蚜和牛角花齿蓟马成虫具有较好的控制能力，尤其是异色瓢虫 4 龄幼虫与雌成虫对两种猎物具有很强的捕食能力且优于 13 龄幼虫。当两种猎物共存时，异色瓢虫 4 龄幼虫偏好取食豌豆蚜 23 龄若蚜。关 键 词：异色瓢虫；豌豆蚜；牛角花齿蓟马；功能反应；捕食偏好 中图分类号：S476.2 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1005-9261(2023)01-0038-08 Predatory Functional Response and Predation Preference of Ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis to Acyrthosiphon pisum and Odontothrips loti on Alfalfa CUI Xiaoning1*,XI Boxin2,ZHANG Bohong1,SUN Yuanxing2,HU Guixin1,LIU Yanjun1,HAO Yanan2(1.College of Pratacultural Science,Gansu Agricultural University/Key Laboratory for Grassland Ecosystem of Education Ministry/Engineering and Technology Research Center for Alpine Rodent Pests Control,National Forestry and Grassland,Lanzhou 730070,China;2.College of Plant Protection,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou 730070,China)Abstract:The multicolored Asian ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis is an important predatory natural enemy in alfalfa fields in China.The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum and the thrip Odontothrips loti are two serious piercing-sucking pests in alfalfa fields.In this study,predatory functional response and predation preference were measured to clarify the biological control potential of H.axyridis towards A.pisum and O.loti.Briefly,the 2nd3rd instar nymphs of A.pisum and adults of O.loti were provided as prey for 1st4th instar larvae and the female adults of H.axyridis,respectively.The results showed that the predatory functional response of the larvae and female adults of H.axyridis feeding on both of two prey species fitted with the Holling model.Feeding 第 1 期 崔晓宁等：异色瓢虫对苜蓿上豌豆蚜和牛角花齿蓟马的捕食效能及捕食偏好性 39 on A.pisum nymphs,the 4th instar larvae of H.axyridis displayed the highest predation ability,followed by the female adults.Meanwhile,the predation ability of the 1st,2nd,and 3rd instar larvae gradually decreased with the reduction of developmental stage.When feeding on O.loti adults,the female adults of H.axyridis exhibited the highest predation ability,followed by the 4th instar larvae,while the 2nd and 3rd instar larvae showed relatively low predation ability.Feeding on A.pisum nymphs and O.loti adults,the searching efficiency of the 1st4th instar larvae and female adults of H.axyridis decreased with increasing prey density.When H.axyridis 4th instar larvae and female adults were fed A.pisum nymphs and O.loti adults at different ratios(40:80,60:60 and 80:40),the 4th instar larvae preferred A.pisum with a predation preference index(D)1,whereas the female adults showed no preference with a predation preference index(D)1.In conclusion,H.axyridis has great control ability against the 2nd3rd instar A.pisum nymphs and O.loti adults,and the 4th instar larvae and female adults exhibit especially higher predation capability compared to the younger larvae.The 4th instar larvae of H.axyridis prefer A.pisum nymphs when they coexisted with O.loti adults.Key words:Harmonia axyridis;Acyrthosiphon pisum;Odontothrips loti;functional response;predation preference 豌豆蚜 Acyrthosiphon pisum 和牛角花齿蓟马 Odontothrips loti 是我国苜蓿田的重要害虫，是苜蓿蚜虫和蓟马类害虫的优势种1。豌豆蚜刺吸寄主韧皮部汁液，叶片变黄、萎蔫，造成苜蓿生长受阻2。牛角花齿蓟马在苜蓿营养生长期偏好取食寄主心叶，导致苜蓿叶片缩小、光合效率降低、生长受阻，苜蓿开花后则转移到花器中为害3-5。这两种害虫在苜蓿田常重叠发生，严重危害苜蓿品质与产量6。目前，针对这两种害虫主要依靠农业防治和化学防治手段，如害虫种群数量太高时提前刈割牧草，或使用杀虫剂喷雾。但这些方法防效期短，或容易形成“3R”效应，造成生态安全和牧草品质安全问题。苜蓿田天敌昆虫种类丰富，主要有异色瓢虫 Harmonia axyridis、七星瓢虫 Coccinella septempunctata、草蛉、小花蝽、蜘蛛、捕食螨、食蚜蝇和寄生蜂等6。目前生产中针对苜蓿刺吸类害虫的绿色防治手段极其有限，亟需发展和利用天敌昆虫进行苜蓿害虫的有效防治。异色瓢虫具有捕食量大、猎物范围广、适应性强的特点，对多种刺吸类害虫和鳞翅目幼虫有较好的控制效果，如豌豆修尾蚜 Megoura japonica7、核桃黑斑蚜 Chromaphis juglandicola8、扶桑绵粉蚧 Phenacoccus solenopsis9、柑橘木虱 Diaphorina citri10、梨木虱 Cacopsylla chinensis11、豆黄蓟马 Thrips nigropilosus12、番茄潜叶蛾 Tuta absoluta13和草地贪夜蛾 Spodoptera frugiperda14等。我们调查发现异色瓢虫在甘肃苜蓿田间种群数量丰富，但关于异色瓢虫对苜蓿豌豆蚜和牛角花齿蓟马的生物防治鲜有报道。因此，本研究测定了异色瓢虫对苜蓿豌豆蚜和牛角花齿蓟马的捕食能力，评价了该天敌对这两种害虫的捕食偏好性，以期为合理开发和利用异色瓢虫控制苜蓿蚜虫和蓟马的生物防治提供依据。1 材料与方法 1.1 供试昆虫 牛角花齿蓟马：每次试验所用蓟马成虫均当天采自甘肃农业大学校内牧草基地清水紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa Qingshui试验田。豌豆蚜：将催芽后的蚕豆 Vicia faba L.用盆栽基质种植，待植株生长至30 cm 左右，将采自校内紫花苜蓿田的豌豆蚜接于植株上。盆栽植株置于人工气候箱，温度（211），RH（655）%，光周期 14L:10D。待豌豆蚜发育至 23 龄，选取体型大小基本一致的若蚜用于试验。异色瓢虫：采自甘肃农业大学校内牧草基地紫花苜蓿试验田，室内以盆栽辣椒 Capsicum annuum L.饲喂的桃蚜 Myzus persicae 为食物继代饲养。每个塑料培养皿（直径 9 cm）中放入辣椒叶片，每天不定期接入约 150 头桃蚜，再放入 1