激光增材制造不锈钢的凝固组织及调控方法研究进展_吴伟峰.pdf

第 15 卷 第 4 期 精 密 成 形 工 程 2023 年 4 月 JOURNAL OF NETSHAPE FORMING ENGINEERING 121 收稿日期：20221017 Received：2022-10-17 基金项目：福建光电信息科学与技术创新实验室（闽都创新实验室）自主部署项目（2021ZZ123）；国家自然科学基金（52071088）Fund：Independent Deployment of Scientific Research Program of Mindu Innovation Laboratory(2021ZZ123);National Natural Science Foundation of China(52071088)作者简介：吴伟峰（1999），男，硕士生，主要研究方向为陶瓷材料的增材制造技术。Biography：WU Wei-feng(1999-),Male,Postgraduate,Research focus:additive manufacturing technology of ceramic materials.通讯作者：刘鑫旺（1982），男，博士，教授，主要研究方向为金属材料凝固行为和增材制造技术。Corresponding author：LIU Xin-wang(1982-),Male,Doctor,Professor,Research focus:solidification behavior of metal ma-terials and additive manufacturing technology.引文格式：吴伟峰,刘鑫旺,郑开魁,等.激光增材制造不锈钢的凝固组织及调控方法研究进展J.精密成形工程,2023,15(4):121-130.WU Wei-feng,LIU Xin-wang,ZHENG Kai-kui,et al.Research Progress on Solidification Structure and Control Methods of Stainless Steel Fabricated by Laser Additive ManufacturingJ.Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering,2023,15(4):121-130.激光增材制造不锈钢的凝固组织及调控 方法研究进展 吴伟峰1,2，刘鑫旺1,2，郑开魁1,3，王凯4，魏青松1,2，樊自田2，向红亮1,3，董选普1,2（1.中国福建光电信息科学与技术创新实验室（闽都创新实验室），福州 350108；2.华中科技大学 a.材料科学与工程学院 b.材料成形与模具技术国家重点实验室，武汉 430074；3.福州大学 先进制造学院，福建 晋江 362200；4.中国钢研科技集团有限公司，北京 100081）摘要：激光增材制造技术成形的制件具有自由度大、精度高、质量和性能好等优势，随着该技术的日益发展，其在不锈钢材料领域取得了显著的进展。激光增材制造技术成形不锈钢通常呈现出与传统制备工艺显著不同的非平衡凝固组织，表现出复杂的结构特征，而这些特征决定了合金的性能和应用。介绍了激光熔化沉积和选区激光熔化两种激光增材制造技术，选择典型的 316L 不锈钢及 174PH 不锈钢，综述了激光增材制造不锈钢凝固组织特征的研究现状，重点关注典型多尺度、层次性的组织结构（包括晶粒、宏观缺陷、熔池组织、胞状亚结构、氧化物夹杂等）。系统分析了激光增材制造不锈钢的组织调控方法，包括调整工艺参数、改变工艺环境及热处理等方式，通过组织调控能够影响晶粒的生长及熔池反应，进一步改善其内部微观组织，如形成间隙固溶体或颗粒夹杂物、细化晶粒及消除孔隙等，同时能促进不同相的析出和转变。通过合理地调控凝固组织，能够显著改善不锈钢的组织及机械性能。最后，对激光增材制造不锈钢的未来发展进行了展望。关键词：激光增材制造；不锈钢；凝固组织；组织调控；后处理 DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2023.04.014 中图分类号：TG142.1 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1674-6457(2023)04-0121-10 Research Progress on Solidification Structure and Control Methods of Stainless Steel Fabricated by Laser Additive Manufacturing WU Wei-feng1,2,LIU Xin-wang1,2,ZHENG Kai-kui1,3,WANG Kai4,WEI Qing-song1,2,FAN Zi-tian2,XIANG Hong-liang1,3,DONG Xuan-pu1,2(1.Fujian Science&Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China,Fuzhou 350108,China;2.a.122 精 密 成 形 工 程 2023 年 4 月 School of Materials Science and Engineering,b.State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die&Mould Technology,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430074,China;3.School of Advanced Manufacturing,Fuzhou University,Fujian Jinjiang 362200,China;4.China Iron and Steel Research Institute Group,Beijing 100081,China)ABSTRACT:The metal products fabricated by laser additive manufacturing have the advantages of large degree of freedom,high precision,and excellent performance and quality.With the growing development,laser additive manufacturing technology has made a significant progress in the field of stainless steel.Compared with the products prepared by conventional methods,the stainless steel fabricated by laser additive manufacturing possesses a completely different non-equilibrium solidification struc-ture,and exhibits complex structural features that determine the properties and applications of the alloys.Two laser additive manufacturing technologies of laser melting deposition and selective laser melting were introduced.Typical 316L stainless steel and 17-4PH stainless steel were selected to investigate the research status of solidification structure characteristics of stainless steel fabricated by laser additive manufacturing,with the focus on the typical multi-scale and hierarchical structure(including grains,macro defects,molten pool structure,cellular substructure,oxide inclusions,etc.).All importantly,the structure control methods of stainless steel fabricated by laser additive manufacturing were systematically revealed,including the adjustment of process parameters,change of process environment and heat treatment.Structure control could affect the growth of grains and the reaction of molten pool,which further improved the internal microstructure,such as forming interstitial solid solutions or particle inclusions,refining grains and eliminating pores,and promoted the precipitation and transformation of different phases.The microstructure and mechanical properties of stainless steel could be significantly improved by rationally controlling the so-lidification structure.Finally,the future development of laser additive manufacturing for fabricating stainless steel was also pros-pected.KEY WORDS:laser additive manufacturing;stainless steel;solidification structure;structure control;post-treatment 区别于传统加工工艺对原材料切削及组装的过程，激光增材制造是一种利用激光作为热源，依据数字模型逐层叠加材料，成形复杂形状结构的三维零件快速制造技术，被誉为最有潜力的技术之一1-2，目前已成为航空航天、军工及医学等领域中最前沿的研究方向之一3-5。激光作为增材制造的热源，具有高精度、高能量、功率可调、自由度大等优势，常用于结构复杂、难加工金属零件等的精密成形。随着增材制造技术的不断发展，其已经成功应用于不同的合金体系，包括钛合金、高温合金、铝合金和钢等2。不锈钢因具有性能好、成本低的特点，被广泛应用于各类容器、网架、桥梁等领域6。然而，目前钢的加工方式仍以传统的铸造、压力法、机加工为主7，工序复杂，生产周期长，且难以成形复杂形状的不锈钢零件，而激光增材制造技术可以快速成形复杂形状的零件，缩短生产周期，提高经济效益8。激光增材制造不锈钢的微观结构是在快速冷却、高热梯度的条件下金属熔化和沉积形成的9-10，存在大量非平衡凝固导致的固溶体、夹杂物缺陷、残余奥氏体和马氏体等多相结构，工艺参数会影响其微观组织特征，包括形态尺寸、元素偏析、晶胞结构、织构、