某废铅蓄电池炼铅遗留场地土...金属污染特征及健康风险评价_张浩.pdf

某废铅蓄电池炼铅遗留场地土壤重金属污染特征及健康风险评价张浩1，王洋1*，王辉2，巨文军1，黄瑞1，刘冉1，杜明11.黎明化工研究设计院有限责任公司2.河南科技大学化工与制药学院环境工程系摘要以某典型废铅蓄电池非法炼铅污染场地为研究对象，采用综合污染指数法、潜在生态指数法以及人体健康风险模型分别对场地土壤中铅和砷污染特征以及健康风险进行评价，并结合暴露吸收生物动力学模型（IEUBK）评估场地周边儿童的血铅水平。结果显示：研究区各点位土壤中铅和砷浓度平均值分别为 4.67104和 2.64102 mg/kg，显著高于河南省土壤背景值，分别超过 GB 366002018土壤环境质量 建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）二类用地风险筛选值的 58.37 倍和 4.41 倍；各点位的综合污染指数和潜在生态指数依次为废旧铅蓄电池拆解区贮存区铅块成型区，除铅块成型区土壤砷为轻度污染外，其他区域土壤中铅和砷均属于重度污染，存在极强的潜在生态风险；经 3 种暴露途径对成人和儿童造成的致癌、非致癌威胁依次为经口摄入皮肤接触呼吸吸入，各点位砷的致癌风险大小依次为炼铅炉区废铅蓄电池拆解区储存区铅块成型区106；铅和砷对成人和儿童非致癌风险总指数最大分别为 25.00 和 160.69、1.73 和 11.71，其中铅对儿童的非致癌风险更加明显，二者均高于美国国家环境保护局推荐的最大可接受水平，对附近居民存在极强的潜在健康风险；IEUBK 模型计算的儿童血铅浓度超过 100g/L 的概率高达 99.99%，均远高于 5%的安全概率限值。关键词废铅蓄电池；重金属；血铅水平；污染评价；健康评价中图分类号：X53 文章编号：1674-991X（2023）02-0769-09doi：10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20220313Heavy metal pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of soil from anabandoned site for lead smelting of waste lead batteriesZHANG Hao1,WANG Yang1*,WANG Hui2,JU Wenjun1,HUANG Rui1,LIU Ran1,DU Ming11.Liming Research&Design Institute of Chemical Industry Co.,Ltd.2.Department of Environment Engineering,School of Chemical Engineering&Pharmacy,Henan University of Science andTechnologyAbstractThe contaminated plot left by a typical illegal lead refining site for waste lead batteries was taken as theresearch object.The pollution characteristics of lead and arsenic and health risk in the site soil were analyzed andevaluated by using the comprehensive pollution index method,the potential ecological index method,and the humanhealth risk assessment model,and the childrens blood lead levels were evaluated combined with the integratedexposure uptake biokinetic(IEUBK)model at the same time.The results indicated that the mean values of lead andarsenic in the soil at all sites in the study area were 4.67104 and 2.64102 mg/kg,respectively,which weresignificantly higher than the soil background values in Henan Province and exceeded the risk screening values ofSoil Environmental Quality -Risk Control Standard for Soil Contamination of Development Land(Trial)(GB36600-2018)for Class land by 58.37 times and 4.41 times,respectively.The comprehensive pollution index andpotential ecological index in various points of the research area followed the order of waste lead battery dismantlingareastorage arealead block molding area.Except for the lead block molding area where the soil arsenic waslightly polluted,the lead and arsenic in the soil of other research areas were heavily polluted,and there was an 收稿日期：2022-04-08基金项目：河南省科技攻关项目（192102110050）作者简介：张浩（1991），男，硕士，研究方向为土壤化学分析与污染修复，*责任作者：王洋（1984），男，高级工程师，硕士，主要从事土壤化学分析与污染修复， Vol.13，No.2环境工程技术学报第 13 卷，第 2 期Mar.，2023Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology2023 年 3 月张浩，王洋，王辉，等.某废铅蓄电池炼铅遗留场地土壤重金属污染特征及健康风险评价 J.环境工程技术学报，2023，13（2）：769-777.ZHANG H,WANG Y,WANG H,et al.Heavy metal pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of soil from an abandoned site for lead smelting ofwaste lead batteriesJ.Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology，2023，13（2）：769-777.extremely strong potential ecological risk.Meanwhile,the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of heavy metalsin three exposure pathways followed the order of ingestion of soildermal absorption of soilinhalation of soil.Thetotal cancer risk index of arsenic at each point was found to follow the order of lead smelting furnace areawastelead battery dismantling areastorage arealead block molding area106.Lead and arsenic levels had a significanteffect on the maximum total non-carcinogenic risk indices,counting 25.00,160.69,1.73,and 11.71 for adults andchildren,respectively,with the non-carcinogenic risk of lead to children being more obvious.Both were higher thanthe US EPAs maximum acceptable level,and there was an extremely strong potential health risk to nearby residents.In addition,the probability of childrens blood lead concentration exceeding 100 g/L was as high as 99.99%,calculated by the IEUBK model,which was much higher than the safety probability limit of 5%.Key wordswaste lead battery;heavy metals;blood lead level;pollution evaluation;health evaluation 近年来，随着电动车行业的快速发展，我国对铅蓄电池的需求量也呈急剧上升趋势，由于我国废铅蓄电池还未建立完善的回收体系，大批废铅蓄电池流入私人小作坊，致使非法收购和拆解废铅酸蓄电池造成的环境污染案例屡见不鲜1，因此，如何对废铅蓄电池污染场地妥善评估和处置成为当今社会急需解决的重大难题。铅是一种分布广泛且具有隐蔽性、累积性、长期性等特点的重金属，铅及其化合物进入人体后，对神经、造血以及内分泌等多个系统造成伤害，严重影响儿童的生长发育、认知能力和神经系统2。因此开展对典型废铅蓄电池冶炼场地的土壤污染特征和环境风险评估非常必要。如路一帆等3利用克里金插值法分析污染场地健康风险的空间分布，发现某铅蓄电池厂遗留场地土壤中铅和砷浓度均达到重度污染程度，其中，砷对儿童和成人的致癌风险均超过可接受阈值，对人体存在较严重的致癌和非致癌危害风险；孙荣基等4以重庆市某铅蓄电池厂搬迁遗留场地进行污染分析评价，发现场地土壤中铅浓度为 15.001.66105 mg/kg，具有较强的潜在生态风险，砷的致癌风险和危害熵分别为3.21105和 3.56，均超出人体可接受的阈值；Sun 等5利用多元统计分析研究铅矿周边农田土壤重金属污染特征，发现附近农田表层土壤中铜、锌、砷、镉和铅的平均浓度比当地土壤背景值高 7 倍，周边农田土壤环境受重金属潜在污染生态风险极高；孔林等6利用单区室生理药代动力学模型预测铅锌矿区周边居民汞日均摄入量，发现成年居民和 06 岁儿童血液中汞浓度高于国内其他地区，男性血液中汞浓度明显高于女性，约 2.27%的育龄期妇女头发甲基汞浓度超过人体可接受的汞临界值。总体而言，目前缺少对生产模式粗狂、环保设施简单、生产周期短、隐秘性强、短期获得高额利益、污染危害大以及近些年频繁爆发的小作坊式的环境污染场地土壤重金属污染特征研究，有关废铅蓄电池非法炼铅场地土壤重金属污染特征及健康风险评价鲜有报道。基于此，笔者选择典型的废铅蓄电池非法炼铅污染场地为研究对象，探究土壤中特征污染物铅和砷污染分布特征，采用污染指数法和引入毒性系数的潜在生态风险评价法对污染地块状况进行更加客观准确的判定，结合美国国家环境保护局（US EPA）研发