基于气压信号突变探测的液冷...铁锂电池模组热失控预警研究_马敬轩.pdf

第 12 卷 第 7 期2023 年 7 月Vol.12 No.7Jul.2023储能科学与技术Energy Storage Science and Technology基于气压信号突变探测的液冷型磷酸铁锂电池模组热失控预警研究马敬轩1，宋宇航1，石爽1，吕娜伟1，尹康涌2，王桂荣3，杜开源3，金阳1（1郑州大学电气与信息工程学院，河南 郑州 450001；2国网江苏省电力有限公司电力科学研究院，江苏 南京 211103；3中广核新能源河南分公司，河南 郑州 450000）摘要：近年来，储能技术正在快速发展，但热安全问题一直是限制其大规模推广的要素之一。液冷型磷酸铁锂电池模组因其优异的电化学性能和热管理功能得到了广泛应用，但仍无法杜绝滥用导致的热失控失火，需要早期预警技术的介入以保障储能系统正常运行。本工作利用嵌入式气压传感器与磷酸铁锂电池液冷模组热管理系统的配合，实时探测电池安全阀开启时引起的气压突变，实现液冷模组热失控早期预警。搭建液冷模组热失控实验平台与Fluent流体仿真平台研究液冷模组单体电池过充热失控现象，验证气压预警成效并分析过充过程中随着电池内部劣化程度的发展模组内气压信号的波动情况及分布特征。结果表明，在空间体积为0.18 m的液冷模组中采用1 C倍率对13 Ah磷酸铁锂单体电池过充时，电池安全阀开启瞬间发生超200 Pa的气压突变，平均约304 s后达到热失控最高温；为进一步优化气压传感器选型及布置，研究了液冷模组前面板上各位置气压信号具体变化情况，得到气压传感器采集频率等参数的合适选择范围和最佳安装位置。本项目研究成果为气压传感器在液冷模组中的应用及安全防护提供了理论和数据支撑。关键词：液冷模组；磷酸铁锂电池；热失控预警；气压探测doi：10.19799/ki.2095-4239.2023.0315 中图分类号：TM 911.3 文献标志码：A 文章编号：2095-4239（2023）07-2246-10Early warning of the thermal runaway of liquid-cooled LiFePO4 battery module based on the sudden change of air-pressure signal detectionMA Jingxuan1,SONG Yuhang1,SHI Shuang1,LYU Nawei1,YIN Kangyong2,WANG Guirong3,DU Kaiyuan3,JIN Yang1(1School of Electrical and Information Engineering,Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450001,Henan,China;2Electric Power Scientific Research Institute of State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co,Nanjing 211103,Jiangsu,China;3CGN New Energy Henan Branch,Zhengzhou 450000,Henan,China)Abstract:In recent years,energy storage technology has been developing rapidly;thermal safety issues have been one of the elements limiting its large-scale promotion.Liquid-cooled LiFePO4 modules have been widely used owing to their excellent electrochemical performance and thermal management features.However,they still cannot eliminate thermal runaway misfires caused by abuse and need the support of early warning technology to guarantee the normal operation of energy storage systems.In this study,we use an 储能锂离子电池系统关键技术专刊收稿日期：2023-05-05；修改稿日期：2023-06-08。第一作者：马敬轩（1999），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为储能安全技术，E-mail：；通讯作者：金阳，教授，研究方向为储能安全，E-mail：。引用本文：马敬轩,宋宇航,石爽,等.基于气压信号突变探测的液冷型磷酸铁锂电池模组热失控预警研究J.储能科学与技术,2023,12(7):2246-2255.Citation：MA Jingxuan,SONG Yuhang,SHI Shuang,et al.Early warning of the thermal runaway of liquid-cooled LiFePO4 battery module based on the sudden change of air-pressure signal detectionJ.Energy Storage Science and Technology,2023,12(7):2246-2255.第 7 期马敬轩等：基于气压信号突变探测的液冷型磷酸铁锂电池模组热失控预警研究embedded air-pressure sensor and the thermal management system of a liquid-cooled module of LiFePO4 battery to detect the sudden change of air pressure caused by the opening of the battery safety valve in real time and realize the early warning of the thermal runaway of a liquid-cooled module.The experimental platform for the liquid-cooled module thermal runaway and Fluent fluid simulation platform is built to study the thermal runaway phenomenon of single-cell overcharge in a liquid-cooled module,verify the effectiveness of early warning,and analyze the fluctuation and distribution characteristics of air-pressure signal in the module with the development of the internal degradation of the battery during the overcharge process.The results show that when the liquid-cooled module with a volume of 0.18 m is overcharged with a 1 C multiplier on a 13 Ah LiFePO4 single-cell battery,a sudden change of 200 Pa occurs when the battery safety valve opens,the battery temperature reaches the highest after an average of 304 s,and a complete thermal runaway occurs.To further optimize the selection and arrangement of the barometric pressure sensor,the barometric pressure signal at each position on the front panel of the liquid-cooled module is studied.To further optimize the selection and arrangement of the air-pressure sensor,the specific changes of the air-pressure signal at each position on the front panel of the liquid-cooled module are studied,and the suitable selection range and the best installation position of the acquisition frequency of the air-pressure sensor and other parameters were obtained.The results provide theoretical and data support for the application and safety protection of air-pressure sensors in liquid-cooled modules.Keywords:liquid-cooled module;LiFePO4 battery;thermal runaway warning;air pressure detection近年来，在碳达峰碳中和战略不断落实以及能源强国革命持续推进的背景下，储能技术作为解决可再生能源大规模消纳问题、推动电力系统绿色转型的关键，其发展受到多方关注1-4。然而，储能系统热安全问题制约着储能技术的发展，电池温度均匀性是衡量电池性能的一项重要指标，电池一旦在过充过放等异常工况下运行，极易出现局部温度过高现象，从而缩短电池寿命、降低电池性能，甚至造成火灾事故5。液冷型磷酸铁锂电池模组具备铺设管道热传导模式下的热管理系统，能够有效控制电池模组内部温差，这一显著优势保障了电池模组高效率运行，使得液冷模组得以大规模推广应用6-9。然而，液冷模组内部电池数量众多且空间非常有限，一旦出现电池过充过放等滥用行为，故障电池泄漏的可燃气体可能引发密闭空间内的剧烈爆炸现象10。因此，针对液冷模组储能系统，对其内部电池热失控特征信号提前探测和早期预警研究很有必要。目前已有的相关预警方法，例如有研究提出的电池表面温度检测，但电池表面温度与内部温度有明显差异，内部温度传递到电池表面需要时间，并且电池热失控前温升比较缓慢11-12；有研究提出在线监测电池热失控特征气体的预警方法13，但气体很难扩散到密闭模组外，且气体扩散易受到气流干扰；另外，有研究提出特征声音预警，当电池安全阀开启时，会产生特定频率的声音14，但声音传播受到液冷模组外壳阻尼，具有一定局限性12。本工作通过搭建液冷型磷酸铁锂电池模组过充试验平台和Fluent流体仿真平台，开展磷酸铁锂液冷模组单体电池过充实验与仿真，验证液冷模组气压预警方法的有效性，并进一步研究安全阀开启瞬间模组内气压信号的变化情况及分布特征，找到液冷模组中气压变化优先级更高、变化幅度更大的监测点位。研究发现，0.18 m液冷模组中发生13 Ah磷酸铁锂单体电池过充热失控时，距电池安全阀开启不到2 s便能探测到整个模组内部空间气压突变，最早探测时间可达0.25 s，此时电池表面温升速率不超过0.5/s，距