放牧对天山北坡中段山地草甸草地昆虫群落的影响.pdf

DOI:10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2022-0673苏比努尔吾麦尔江，史学书，牙森沙力，于昭文，刘桂松，赛达尔帕尔哈提，吐尔逊娜依热依木.放牧对天山北坡中段山地草甸草地昆虫群落的影响.草业科学,2023,40(5):1387-1396.SubinuerWumaierjiang,SHIXS,YasenShali,YUZW,LIUGS,SaidaerPaerhati,TuersunnayiReyimu.EffectsofgrazingoninsectcommunitiesinthemidsectionofthenorthernslopeofTianshanMountain.PrataculturalScience,2023,40(5):1387-1396.放牧对天山北坡中段山地草甸草地昆虫群落的影响苏比努尔吾麦尔江，史学书，牙森沙力，于昭文，刘桂松，赛达尔帕尔哈提，吐尔逊娜依热依木（新疆农业大学草业学院,新疆乌鲁木齐830052）摘要：放牧强度的调整是草原保护利用相互协调的重要手段之一，其变化对草地生物多样性群落结构方面有着重要的驱动作用。昆虫是草地生态系统重要组成部分之一，对生态系统的物质循环和稳定性有着十分重要的意义。本研究以天山北坡中段山地草甸草地作为研究区域，设置禁牧(CK)、轻度放牧和重度放牧 3 个放牧强度，分别以捕虫网扫网和马氏网采集法对昆虫群落结构和多样性进行调查，探讨山地草甸草地昆虫群落多样性对放牧强度的响应。共采集到 18146 只昆虫，隶属 8 目 45 科，其中优势科为秆蝇科、寄蝇科和蝇科，分别占总个体数的 18.77%、12.20%和 16.37%。从山地草甸草地昆虫群落功能团科级水平来看，科级数量顺序依次为植食性昆虫(44.93%)、捕食性昆虫(28.66%)、寄生性昆虫(15.85%)、杂食性昆虫(7.26%)和腐生性昆虫(3.29%)。与 CK 相比，轻度放牧条件下的昆虫总数量增加同时植食性昆虫和捕食性昆虫数量均显著增加(P0.05)。在重度放牧条件下，昆虫总数量降低同时植食性和捕食性昆虫数量均显著降低(P0.05)。随放牧强度增加，植食性、捕食性、寄生性和杂食性昆虫的 Shannon-Wiener 指数均先增加后下降，而在重度放牧条件下腐蚀性昆虫的 Shannon-Wiener 指数最高。植食性、捕食性和寄生性昆虫的Simpson 指数在 3 种放牧条件下均先增加后下降，且轻度放牧条件下最高。植食性昆虫、捕食性昆虫和杂食性昆虫不同放牧条件下 Peilou 指数均无显著差异，腐生性昆虫的 Peilou 指数呈先下降后增加趋势，表现为 CKHGLG。冗余分析结果表明，昆虫群落多样性与植物密度、植物 Margalef、Shannon-wiener 和 Simpson 指数显著相关。综上，在禁牧和放牧条件下，昆虫群落结构群落数量和多样性下降趋势，轻度放牧促进昆虫群落及其功能群多样性的提高。关键词：山地草甸；放牧强度；昆虫功能群；昆虫多样性文献标志码：A文章编号：1001-0629(2023)05-1387-10Effects of grazing on insect communities in the midsection of thenorthern slope of Tianshan MountainSubinuerWumaierjiang,SHIXueshu,YasenShali,YUZhaowen,LIUGuisong,SaidaerPaerhati,TuersunnayiReyimu(CollegeofGrassIndustry,XinjiangAgriculturalUniversity,Urumqi8300052,Xinjiang,China)Abstract:The adjustment of grazing intensity is one of the important means of coordinating grassland protection and收稿日期：2022-08-26接受日期：2023-05-09基金项目：国家自然科学基金(31960338)第一作者：苏比努尔吾麦尔江(1998-)，女(维吾尔族)，新疆乌鲁木齐人，在读硕士生，研究方向为草地生态。E-mail:通信作者：吐尔逊娜依热依木(1968-)，女(柯尔克孜族)，新疆阿克陶人，副教授，硕导，博士，研究方向为草地生态。E-mail:第40卷第5期草业科学1387-1396Vol.40,No.5PRATACULTURALSCIENCE5/2023http:/utilization,anditschangeshaveanimportantdrivingeffectonthecommunitystructureofgrasslandbiodiversity.Insectsareoneoftheimportantcomponentsofgrasslandecosystems,andthematerialcycleandstabilityofecosystemsareofgreatsignificance.Thisstudyinvestigatesthestructureanddiversityofinsectcommunitiesunderdifferentutilizationconditionssuchasgrazingprohibition(CK),lightgrazing,andheavygrazinginthemiddlesectionofthenorthernslopeoftheTianshanMountains,usinginsectnetscanningandMahalanobisnetcollectionmethodstoexploretheresponseofinsectcommunitydiversity to grazing intensity in mountain meadow grasslands.A total of 18 146 insects were collected in this study,belongingto8ordersand45families.ThedominantfamilieswereChloropidae,Larvaevoridae,andMuscidae,accountingfor18.77%,12.20%,and16.37%ofthetotalnumberofindividuals,respectively.Fromtheperspectiveofthefunctionalgrouplevelofinsectcommunitiesinmountainousmeadowsandgrasslands,theorderoffamilylevelnumbersisherbivorousinsects(44.93%),predatory insects(28.66%),parasitic insects(15.85%),omnivorous insects(7.26%),and saprophyticinsects(3.29%).ComparedwithCK,thetotalnumberofinsectsundermildgrazingconditionsincreasedsignificantly,whilethenumberofherbivorousandpredatoryinsectsalsoincreasedsignificantly(P0.05).Underheavygrazingconditions,thetotalnumberofinsectsdecreasedwhilethenumberofherbivorousandpredatoryinsectssignificantlydecreased(P0.05).However,the number of omnivorous insects under heavy grazing conditions was higher than that under light grazingconditions,buttherewasnosignificantdifferencecomparedtoCK.Asgrazingintensityincreases,theShannonWienerindex of herbivorous,predatory,parasitic,and omnivorous insects first increases and then decreases,and the ShannonWienerindexissignificantlyhigherunderlightgrazingconditionsthanCKandheavygrazing,whiletheShannonWienerindexofcorrosiveinsectsisthehighestunderheavygrazingconditions.TheSimpsonindexofherbivorous,predatory,andparasiticinsectsshowedatrendoffirstincreasingandthendecreasingunderallthreegrazingconditions,withthehighestvalueundermildgrazingconditions.TherewasnosignificantdifferenceinthePeilouindexbetweenherbivorous,predatory,andomnivorousinsects(PHGLG(PPrPaOmSa。2.2 草地昆虫功能群数量及多样性变化放牧强度显著影响昆虫总数量和多样性(图 2)。在 LG 条件下，放牧使昆虫总数量显著增加。对于植食性昆虫和捕食性昆虫来说，与 LG 相比，HG 明显降低了昆虫数量。与 CK 相比，植食性昆虫和捕食性昆虫在 LG 条件下显著增加(PCKHG；随着放牧强度的增加，寄生性昆虫和腐生性昆虫均呈现下降趋势，表现为 CKLGHG。杂食性昆虫在 HG 条件下高于 LG 条件，但与CK 之间无显著差异(P0.05)。表 1 不同放牧强度草地植被基本情况Table 1 Basic situation of vegetation at different grazing intensities放牧强度Grazingintensity优势种组成Dominantspecies高度Height/cm盖度Coverage/%地上生物量Abovegroundbiomass/(gm2)无放牧对照Control(CK)草原老鹳草+细果苔草+草地早熟禾Geranium pretense+Carex stenocarpa+Poa pratensis13.931.2697.121.16317.1424.25轻度放牧Lightgrazing(LG)细果苔草+草地早熟禾+委陵菜Carex stenocarpa+Poa pratensis+Poa pratensis12.871.0286.541.12274.7616.56重度放牧Heavygrazing(HG)醉马草+细果苔草+针茅Achnatherum inebrians+Carex stenocarpa+Stipa capillata10.281.1178.371.12197.0339.521390草业科学第40卷http:/表 2 天山北坡中段山地草甸草地昆虫群落组成Table 2 Composition of insect community in mountain meadow on the middle part of northern slope of Tianshan Mountain功能群F