黄土高原和六盘山区的林水协调多功能管理_王彦辉.pdf

doi：10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20220859黄土高原和六盘山区的林水协调多功能管理*王彦辉于澎涛田奥韩新生郝佳刘泽彬王晓（中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与自然保护研究所国家林业和草原局森林生态环境重点实验室北京 100091）摘要：【目的】面对实施黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展重大国家战略、推进“山水林田湖草”系统治理的国家要求，黄土高原等旱区的林业发展和植被恢复必须改变传统方式，增加考虑水资源的限制和对水资源的影响，关注森林的多种功能优化，探索如何克服长期存在的忽视水资源承载力、造林成活率低和生长不良、减少河川径流危及区域供水安全、整体功能低下等问题，实现森林多功能性的整体提升。【方法】针对深入理解林水关系和进行森林多功能管理的科技需求，自 2000 年以来在黄土高原的泾河流域和作为黄土高原区域重要水源地的六盘山土石山区，围绕“结构”、“格局”、“过程”、“耦合”、“尺度”等关键内容，在从单株到区域的多个空间尺度上，采用观测对比、统计分析、模型模拟等多种手段，长期开展旱区森林生态水文和多功能管理研究。【结果】1）林业高质量发展的本质是森林多功能优化的定量精准管理，为此需深入理解和准确量化立地环境与林分结构对多种功能形成的影响，在考虑多种功能的相互作用和供需关系基础上明确各功能的重要性差异，通过科学设计和合理调控森林的数量、质量（结构）和空间格局而权衡优化相互竞争的多种功能，在保证森林本身稳定的前提下尽可能同时满足对主导功能及其他功能的需求。2）提出了旱区林水协调多功能管理的实现途径，即在管理决策时除继续考虑可造林土地面积、立地质量、可用造林苗木等限制外，增加水资源管理及多功能管理的决策内容，并嵌入到传统的森林单功能经营决策过程中，这涉及流域森林覆盖率（造多少？）、森林空间分布（在哪造？）、植被类型和树种组成（造什么？）、林分结构（怎么管？）4 个决策层。3）按决策层梳理总结了相关技术成果，在确定黄土区流域合理森林覆盖率方面，将仅考虑年降水量限制的潜在森林覆盖率提升为同时考虑降水量与产流要求限制的合理森林覆盖率，这可藉助于有关统计关系及率定过的流域水文模型模拟；在确定流域内的森林合理空间分布方面，提出相关决策需增加考虑立地类型的产流差别及其造林响应，这可借助于分布式流域水文模型模拟结果或研发的区域植被承载力计算系统；在林分尺度的森林多功能管理方面，提出了 5 个决策步骤，即进行立地质量分类、确定各地类的主要功能及优先性、调查现有林分结构特征、诊断现有林分的结构与功能、编制面向结构与功能的管理计划；为给森林多功能管理提供参照和目标，提出了不同详细程度的多功能水源林理想结构，包括表示为“30.7X”的一般化理想结构（郁闭度 0.7 左右，0.60.8；地表覆盖度 0.7 以上；林木高径比 0.7 m/cm 以下，至少不超过 0.9；X 表示其他要求）、通过权衡多种功能和林分稳定的需求而确定的华北落叶松中龄林多功能合理密度、基于主要功能的变化规律和重要性排序而确定的不同海拔和林龄时的华北落叶松林多功能合理密度。【结论】本文证实了林水协调多功能管理的理论先进性和技术可行性，是旱区林业高质量发展的可行途径。通过深入认识和定量分析森林多种功能的变化规律，结合应用本文提出的管理技术，就可以科学设计和合理调节森林的数量（覆盖率）、质量（结构）和分布格局，整体提升森林的多种功能，更好地满足社会发展需求。但是，现有成果还有局限性，仍需针对各地情况开展更多理论与技术研究，助力“山水林田湖草”生命共同体治理及黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展。关键词：森林服务功能；森林多功能管理；林水关系；干旱地区；黄土高原；华北落叶松人工林中图分类号：S7-0文献标识码：A文章编号：10017488(2023)04000117Forest-Water Coordinated and Multifunctional Management of Forests in the Liupan MountainousArea and Loess Plateau Region of ChinaWang YanhuiYu PengtaoTian AoHan XinshengHao JiaLiu ZebinWang Xiao（Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute,CAFKey Laboratory of Forestry Ecology and Environment ofNational Forestry and Grassland AdministrationBeijing 100091）Abstract：【Objective】Facing the requirements of implementing the major national strategy of Yellow River Basin ecologicalprotection and high-quality development,and of promoting the integrated management of“mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,收稿日期：20221205；修回日期：20230131。基金项目：中国林业科学研究院中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金项目（CAFYBB2021ZW002）；国家自然科学基金项目（U20A2085，U21A2005，42161144008）；国家林业和草原局宁夏六盘山森林生态系统国家定位观测研究站。*于澎涛为通讯作者。第 59 卷 第 4 期林业科学 Vol.59，No.42 0 2 3 年 4 月SCIENTIA SILVAE SINICAEApr.，2 0 2 3lakes and grasslands”systems in China,the traditional approaches of forestry development and vegetation restoration in drylandregions,such as the Loess Plateau,must be changed by adding the considerations of water resources limitation and the impacts onwater resources,and by paying attentions to the optimization of multiple forest functions/services.It is required to explore how toovercome the long-standing problems of neglecting water carrying capacity,low afforestation survival rate and poor tree growth,river runoff reduction and endangering to regional water supply safety,and the overall low functions of forests,so that to achievethe overall improvement of the multifunctionality of forests through their scientific management.【Method】To meet thescientific and technical requirements of deep understanding of forest-water interrelations and of multifunctional forest management(MFFM),long-term studies since 2000 on the dryland forest ecohydrology and MFFM techniques were carried out in the JingheRiver basin and the regional important source-water area of the rocky Liupan Mountains on the Loess Plateau of northwest China.These studies were designed around the key issues of“structure”,“pattern”,“process”,“coupling”,and“scale”,usingthe multiple methods of observation comparison and statistical analysis as well as model simulation,at multiple scales from singletree to region.【Result】The studies showed that:1)The essence of high-quality forestry development is MFFM with quantitativeand precise decision-making.Therefore,it is required to deeply understand and precisely quantify the impacts of site conditions andstand structure on the multiple functions of forests,to clarify the importance order of forest functions based on their complexinteractions and supply-demand relations,and to optimize the competing functions to meet the societal demands of both dominantand other functions simultaneously under the precondition of ensured forest stability,by the rational designing and regulation offorest quantity,quality(structure)and spatial distribution pattern within basins.2)The forest-water coordinated and multifunctionalmanagement approach was proposed,this means that besides considering the restrictions of available land area and seedlings andsite quality for afforestation,new considerations should be added to the water resources management and MFFM throughembedding them into the traditional single-function oriented decision processes of forest management.These decision processesinvolve four decision levels,they are the rational forest cover of ba