第一页,共三十七页。上消化道大量出血的诊断与鉴别诊断第二页,共三十七页。Acommonmedicalcondition250,000–500,000admissions/yearUSUGIbleedingincidence100/100,000adultsIncidenceincreases20-30foldfromthirdtoninthdecadeoflifeLGIbleedingincidence20/100,000adultsOverwhelminglydiseaseoftheelderlyGIbleedingstopsspontaneouslyin80%第三页,共三十七页。MorbidityDataMajoritywillreceivebloodtransfusions2–10%requireurgentsurgerytoarrestbleedingAverageLOS4–7daysMortalityratesforUGIbleeding2–15%Mortalityforpatientswhodevelopbleedingafteradmissiontohospitalforanotherreasonis20–30%第四页,共三十七页。CostsAveragehospitalcostsexceed$5,000peradmissionMostofthisforhospitalbedandICUstaysratherthanphysicianfees,bloodproducts,diagnostictests,ormedicationsReductionofhospitaladmissionsandLOShasgreatestpotentialtoreducecosts第五页,共三十七页。一、概念上消化道概念?第六页,共三十七页。第七页,共三十七页。一、概念上消化道大量出血概念部位出血量:指出血达全身血量的30%~50%时〔1500~2000ml〕,临床上出现低血容量性休克,收缩压<10.7kPa(80mmHg),脉压差<3.3~4.0kPa(25~30mmHg〕及脉搏快而弱〔脉搏>120次/min〕,血红蛋白<70g/L,红细胞计数<3Х1012/L。出血速度?第八页,共三十七页。UGIbleeding:NomenclatureHematemesis25%Melenaalone25%,50–100ccofbloodwillrenderstoolmelenicHematochezia15%,seeninmassiveUGIhemorrhage“Redblood〞hematemesis“Coffeeground〞emesis第九页,共三十七页。二、病因按照发病机制可分为以下五类炎症性疾患:机械性疾患:血管性疾患:赘生物:全身性疾患:第十页,共三十七页。炎症性疾患第十一页,共三十七页。机械性疾患第十二页,共三十七页。血管性疾患第十三页,共三十七页。赘生物第十四页,共三十七页。全身性疾患第十五页,共三十七页。三、临床表现呕血与黑粪:急性失血所致的表现发热氮质血症血象变化原发病表现第十六页,共三十七页。四、出血量和休克的估计1、临床判断:粪便潜血阳性:5~10ml柏油便:60~100ml呕血:250~300ml中等量失血:出血占全身血容量的15%,约800ml大量失血:出血占全身血量的30%~50%,约1500~2000ml第十七页,共三十七页。呕血第十八...