ICU
医师
背景
专业
优势
ICU医师的背景与专业优势,上海复旦大学附属中山医院外科监护病房 诸杜明,第一页,共四十页。,了 解,ICU的模式和开展背景ICU常用的诊疗手段ICU需要什么样的医师,第二页,共四十页。,ICU的模式和开展背景,最早的ICU其实不是医生创造的,其用途也仅仅是用于手术后恢复,时间是十九世纪中叶 Florence Nightingale wrote about the advantages of establishing a separate area of the hospital for patients recovering from surgery,第三页,共四十页。,早在一个多世纪以前,人们即已认识到了给予外科手术病人特别管理的重要性。1863年伟大的护理事业的先驱者南丁格尔就曾撰文提到,其时“在小的乡村医院里,把病人安置在一间由手术室通出的小房间内,直至病人恢复或至少从手术的即时影响中解脱的情况已不鲜见。这种专门为术后病人,以后又进一步扩大到为失血、休克等危重外科病人开僻的“小房间存在相当长的时间,直至本世纪20年代被正式命以“术后恢复室(recovery room)。,第四页,共四十页。,南 丁 格 尔 最 后 的 照 片,第五页,共四十页。,提灯女神南丁格尔,第六页,共四十页。,ICU在美国的初创监护单元的出现,时间、地点1923、Johns Hopkins Hospital 床位 three-bed unit 负责人 Dr.W.E.Dandy 性质neurosurgical patients for postoperative,第七页,共四十页。,早 期 发 展,1927年,芝加哥的 Sarah Morris Hospital 出现了第一个属于医院管理的早产儿监护中心.二战时针对士兵的战伤和随后的手术,出现了用于休克复苏和监护的病房,第八页,共四十页。,发生于1947的流行性脊髓灰质炎席卷欧美 治疗所用的方法已现呼吸治疗的雏形manual ventilation was accomplished through a tube placed in the trachea of polio patients with respiratory paralysis and/or suffering from acute circulatory failure required intensive nursing care.,第九页,共四十页。,铁 肺,第十页,共四十页。,第十一页,共四十页。,上世纪五十年代,机械通气技术进一步开展,在欧美国家出现了集中治疗呼吸系统疾病的呼吸ICU,病人的呼吸治疗得以更有效的进行,同时,针对各种衰竭病人和术后病人的普通ICU也应运而生。,第十二页,共四十页。,ICU的模式和开展背景开放和封闭之争,Dr.Liolios:There is a lot of discussion on the topic of open versus closed ICUs.While many ICUs are closed in Europe,there are still many open ICUs in the United States,with the subspecialists often running the show.How do you respond to that?Do you think it has an impact on outcome?Dr.Vincent:I think it is very important to place critically ill patients in the hands of a properly trained,experienced doctor who is part of a team available 24 hours a day.The open ICU design has clearly been shown to provide lower-quality management.In Europe,it is also not uncommon for an ICU physician to have important duties elsewhere in the hospital(usually as an anesthesiologist in the operating room,but also as an internist in the outpatient clinic).This is acceptable only in ICUs with a relatively light patient load.In any case,a doctor should be immediately reachable in case of problems.By the way,there are recent data from the IMPACT program suggesting that the closed ICU model may not be better,but it is too early to discuss this new information.,第十三页,共四十页。,在那些科室内部的ICU和局部专科ICU而言,以开放型模式或封闭型管理病人为主。在那些综合型ICU而言,以半开放型为主管理病人因为:病人来自不同科室。,第十四页,共四十页。,美国的第一个,1958年,美国第一个综合性、多学科ICU在Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center at Baltimore City Hospitals成立,也是第一个由麻醉科住院医生担任全天候专职医生的ICU。,第十五页,共四十页。,六十年代,大多数美国医院有了至少一个以上的ICU.1970,28 名志同道合的从事危重病专业的内科医生相聚洛杉矶,发起成立了美国重症医学会the Society of Critical Care Medicine,SCCM).1986,美国医师委员会开始了针对以下四个专业的危重病专业资格认证:麻醉、内科、儿科和外科,第十六页,共四十页。,发 展,新世纪以来,各种移植手术的开展,促使重症医学在移植领域的进步各种无创技术、微创技术的运用,降低了费用和使用风险如机械通气、心功能监测、微创气切对各种药代动力学的研究,各种针对某一特定器官的治疗措施的使用,使得病人的花费和住院天数大大下降。,第十七页,共四十页。,贺?国外医学?麻醉与复苏分册创刊 吴珏,麻醉专业百龄过,祖国推迟十年又,世界期刊卅余种,卓著优质实难数。学术登攀广交流,动态进展新貌多,麻醉复苏有分册,综述文摘具规模。编纂印刷事务烦,徐州附院敢承担,举国群英襄盛举,众志成城事不难。全麻伊始惊骇惨,功过莫论后人判,新药争胜年年异,评比参照朝朝唤。局麻普鲁*世纪初,硬外阻滞宜称贺,穿刺敏捷巧妙手,熟练观摩思路宽。静吸复合日月奇,诱导快速效应冀,解痛肌松另用药,镇静安宁全凭依。体外低温心病医,控制降压可显微,监测描记多变革,电子自控莫猜疑。机械呼吸性能好,血气酸碱共信号,扶伤抢救成专职,垂危医学有功绩。边缘学科忆念时,试验探测动物试,阅读思维图书室,猷怀往年辛酸事。事业成长青蓝*共,指引辅导有舵工。,第十八页,共四十页。,不同背景医生的优势麻醉科医师,优势最坐得住,最善于观察生命体征,最多也许还是最早使用监护仪器对各种呼吸、循环监测方法都已掌握或早有所闻熟练掌握各种抢救技能中心静脉穿刺、气管插管各种抢救、镇痛所需药物的药理、器官生理功能都有涉猎 吴珏教授言:麻醉科医生是半 个外科医生、半个内科医生,熟悉外科手术的主要步骤,十分理解将要处理的外科并发症的难点所在十分关切病人术后疼痛问题并有能力解决之多与外科医师保持良好的沟通能力,第十九页,共四十页。,不同背景医生的劣势麻醉科医师,少与病人家属打交道,缺乏相应经验善于处理问题,但缺少发现问题的能力(检验结果的研判、对影像学结果的研读)全局观念、全身观念有待提高 人无完人 金无足赤,第二十页,共四十页。,不同背景医生的优势内科医师,天然的耐心、细致印象。注重分析、注重检查、注重检验、注重鉴别诊断在处理以下危重症时,应有相当的功底:急性呼吸功能不全、急性心功能不全、急性心肌梗死、严重心率失常、高血压危象、急性肾功能不全、严重水、电解质紊乱,酸碱平衡失调、急性中毒、DIC、甲亢危象、非酮症性昏迷等 RICU/CCU/EICU/NICU,第二十一页,共四十页。,不同背景医生的劣势内科医师,对外科并发症、创伤缺乏深入的理解动手能力稍弱,第二十二页,共四十页。,不同背景医生的优势外科医师,有极强的临床动手能力,在收治外科病人为主的ICU工作,其操作能力游刃有余对以下疾病和相应并发症的处理有相当的功力 急性重症胰腺炎、大血管病变、严重创伤、烧伤、和外科相关的脓毒症等等缺陷:诊疗病情直奔主题,缺少分析,第二十三页,共四十页。,Pulmonary medicine and(adult)critical care medicine in Europe Eur Respir J 2002;19:12021206,There has been growing concern within theEuropean Respiratory Society(ERS)that pulmonary physicians are becoming less involved in the practise of intensive care medicine Thoracic Society(ATS)expanded its mission statement to include CCM and changed the name of its journal to the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine in 1994intermediate dependency areas intermediate level of care between the general ward and the ICU,patients with chronic and acute on chronic pulmonary insufficiency and those requiring prolonged mechanical ventilatory support can be managed effectively,support patients with single organ(i.e.pulmonary)failure,providing an intermediate level of care,第二十四页,共四十页。,Pulmonary medicine and(adult)critical care medicine in Europe Eur Respir J 2002;19:12021206,In some countries(e.g.Scandinavia,UK),anaesthesiology has dominated ICM from its birth,whereas in others(e.g.the Netherlands),the picture is changing.ICM can only be practised legally by anaesthesiologistsAs of March 2001,of the 2,332 members of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine(ESICM),50.6%counted