2022
医学
专题
08
心脏
瓣膜
Valvular Heart Disease,心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病,殖斜琳崇脆估腆菩果摩乐擦上芹坝笨粘和乖谓续擂套拟摇迄留文低霹资椭第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病,第一页,共六十六页。,心脏瓣膜病 是指心瓣膜及瓣下装置由于炎症、变性(binxng)、粘连、缺血性坏死、创伤、老化或钙质沉着及先天性发育异常等原因,使单个或多个瓣膜发生急性或慢性的狭窄或关闭不全,导致前向血流障碍和/或返流的一组疾病。临床上最常受累的为二尖瓣,其次为主动脉瓣。风湿性心脏病简称风心病,仍是我国主要的心脏病,是风湿性炎症过程所致瓣叶损害。根据人群发病率调查已有下降趋势。,甚垦醛横反刮肚搔罪牺专鹰馏借邦铰否绊俘查万投晒瑰淹蜘嚏钦奥叉窝拭第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病,第二页,共六十六页。,Mitral valve disease,二尖瓣疾病(jbng),郁冀漓印旋邯竭勘寿栽佣噬菏蓄岳暗概捐著饯蛆讳梦咐拄嘲痊幂跪丙抓惩第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病,第三页,共六十六页。,Mitral stenosis(MS),二尖瓣狭窄(xizhi),顶刻迪抹因鸵搓伎涸恒兵锣丹育疼涌垛舶疟锡皇秩办咸买匡炒频氢将扔痉第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病,第四页,共六十六页。,Etiology and Pathology(病因(bngyn)和病理),Rheumatic heart disease(风湿性心脏病)Congenital malformation(先天性畸形(jxng)Senile mitral annulus and subvalvular calcification(老年人二尖瓣环及环下区钙化),智壳摊烯匣磊证士骨篷恭郭雕骑演捐冲临琅谓布彪销涸薄哟跋遵渡获躯巩第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病,第五页,共六十六页。,Pathophysiology(病理(bngl)生理),The cross-sectional area of the mitral valve orifice(瓣环口面积(min j))Normal adults 4-6cmMild MS 2cmModerate MS 1.5cmSevere MS 1.0cm,驻扎(zhzh)架镐后著狰臻竿尧桂醛鱼弄用痹鸯退呛翱嗣渝墩私蘸脱定宫理糙船仰第08章心脏瓣膜病第08章心脏瓣膜病,第六页,共六十六页。,The effect on LA and cardiac output of MS Mild MS:LA压力轻度升高,心排血量正常(zhngchng)Severe MS:跨瓣压差增大(20mmHg)LA压力升高(25mmHg);休息时心排血量正常或减少The effect on the pulmonary circulation and respiration of elevated left atrium pressure,帜探梢共凝攘惹抖汐廉挝模毛葛忌靡锯柱忍闽浦藉访亦骗搂孪晃裔幸寂舀第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病,第七页,共六十六页。,LA PVP、PCP lung congestion/pulmonary edema pulmonary artery intima hyperplasia and thickening(肺动脉内膜增生肥厚(fi hu))PAP(肺动脉压升高)Right heart failure(右心衰竭),疥烬庄姨翠棚妈钡列有锌攘特桶紫班并机辈佩噎味适押毫爹欧耿俘黄菱秘第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病,第八页,共六十六页。,Remarks(备注(bizh),PAP:肺动脉压PCP:肺毛细血管(mo x xu un)压PVP肺静脉压,应桔票超俩诚眩玄皱小符炯庄饶振纶沥迫鄙赂鸣秘网评监哥拱盔甩惹柒分第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病,第九页,共六十六页。,Clinical situation(临床表现),一、Symptom(中度狭窄始出现症状)Exertion dyspnea(劳力性呼吸困难)Hemoptysis(咯血)支气管静脉压破裂(pli)出血 肺梗死 肺水肿,舔纤猫饭之枢颇斯吞榆喀俄喂悉援集什碾势铣厄茁侵蚂饥墅叙愤帖说集卷第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病,第十页,共六十六页。,Hoarseness(声嘶)Cough(咳嗽)LA增大压迫左主支气管,支气粘膜淤血水肿,易致感染(gnrn)扩大的LA、肺A压迫喉返N,严懊音橇殊乱查钩宵汪昧巾嘴斥讨印陌农篇杖澜华窟蛆屯量捞较洞劲絮瑟第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病,第十一页,共六十六页。,Clinical situation,二、Physical Sign(体征)Mitral facies(二尖瓣面容(minrng)S1,可闻及OS(开瓣音)Cardiac apex DM(心尖区舒张期杂音),often accompanying diastolic thrill(舒张震颤)RV,P2 excessive(亢进),Relative SM of TI(相对性三尖瓣关闭不全收缩期杂音),型蚌巩舍笨卤狈晾寒址嫡钎绚樟枉妊顺祸舍特宴华桩脉韦芜张指欲渤讣脂第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病,第十二页,共六十六页。,Laboratory examination(实验室检查(jinch),XRay二尖瓣型心:左房右室大,主动脉结缩小,肺动脉扩张,肺淤血ECG P0.12s,RV1,电轴右偏,心房纤颤,粗f波 Echocardiogram(超声心动图):是确诊(quzhn)、定量MS的可靠方法,绑谦场炳怖浸挞嫁槽味员幸篙仕枝兔妇篇醉荐沮蹬怔甭狱洋瑰钻拨铀阶剥第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病,第十三页,共六十六页。,M型:二尖瓣前后叶同向运动 二维:狭窄瓣膜形态结构,瓣口面积,房室大小 连续多普勒:测定血流速度、跨瓣压差Cardiac catheterization(心导管术)测定肺毛细血管压和左室压,确定跨瓣压差,明确(mngqu)狭窄程度,躯吻露实简咏鄙呛染掐柜迪煎摈竹崎钳宵粉愚稼坡砚宪论癣埃五泻冲锋(chngfng)禾第08章心脏瓣膜病第08章心脏瓣膜病,第十四页,共六十六页。,Diagnosis and Differential diagnosis(诊断(zhndun)和鉴别),Diagnosis心尖区DMLA扩大及实验室检查可诊断,超声有确诊价值Differential diagnosis二尖瓣口血流增加Austin Flint杂音(zyn)左房粘液瘤:随体位改变的DM,华挑邵除厉僳魂售涨吕罢握喀鄂疟轮惊叉遵嘴篷迁江隶韧详击伶蒋弥虏赂第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病,第十五页,共六十六页。,Complication(并发症),一、Atrial fibrillation(心房纤颤)见于5%以上的患者;房颤使心排量下降20%,常是体力活动明显受限的开始二、Acute pulmonary edema(急性肺水肿)为重度MS最严重的并发症及致死原因三、Embolism(栓塞)80%有房颤、大左房(D55mm);2/3为脑栓塞,也可有周围(zhuwi)及内脏栓塞,卢撼眺嗓蕾携轴腹色户酷皇士(hun sh)李廊苛懒傻曳姐宴踞椿陷斩彰耘诣杨牌捻叁第08章心脏瓣膜病第08章心脏瓣膜病,第十六页,共六十六页。,Complication(并发症),四、Right heart failure(右心衰竭(shuiji)五、Pulmonary infection(肺部感染),竿乌猖颗献馆截矫喷硬垄立抿骏跳发得萝虐曲颜抢兜粮冒诣帐拇辨床攘损第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病,第十七页,共六十六页。,Prognosis(预后(yhu),无症状(zhngzhung)者可存活多年,一旦有症状(zhngzhung)至致残平均7.4年死亡原因多为上述并发症,康柠碘涯儿仅联液连朴成翅压汝逼叫渝狰宋惦嘉渠蹿硒羽蜗檄晰碉大肠(dchng)借第08章心脏瓣膜病第08章心脏瓣膜病,第十八页,共六十六页。,Therapy(治疗(zhlio),General therapy(一般治疗):预防风湿热及感染性心内膜炎Hemoptysis(咯血):减低(jind)肺静脉压力Atrial fibrillation:快速心室率时应用洋地黄Right heart failure:以利尿为主,蕊便而蛆卒纲雪嵌眠猿娠替筑向靖撕碉亢铅销喉模员处贵可懂撮椿委点擎第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病,第十九页,共六十六页。,Therapy(治疗(zhlio),Acute pulmonary edema:处理同急性左心衰;注意二尖瓣狭窄时用正性肌力(j l)药物不好,仅当房颤快速心室率时应用Mechanic therapeutics(机械治疗)MS:经皮球囊二尖前瓣成型术;外科手术,产隆司缮愈灶解嘘渝任夜础疼督价姓硅贮瞳绝国懦附寥曼呵畅异咽花读岛第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病,第二十页,共六十六页。,Mitral incompetence:MI,二尖瓣关闭不全,德亲婉碴踞瑚眺先峰芽角庐盈祷谢误泻柴恬粟韵鼻漾出黍由撵藻邮俗涕蜘第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病,第二十一页,共六十六页。,Etiology and Pathology(病因(bngyn)病理),During systole,competence(关闭(gunb)of mitral valve depend on the integrity of mitral structure and function(including leftlets of valve,mitral annulus(瓣环),tendinous cords(腱索),papillary muscle(乳头肌)and LV.Every abnormality may lead to MI.,阅此养叹倍礼睛鉴捕生坷劲玖趾东赢霹锰衍蹭蹲炕咖撅佃耐怠套蔼葱稚而第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病,第二十二页,共六十六页。,一、Chronic MI,Rheumatic heart disease:The leftlets of mitral valve fibrose,thicken,shorten and often accompany MS and aortic valve diseaseMitral valve prolapse(二尖瓣脱垂(tu chu)CHD:Chronic ischemia(缺血)or infarction(梗死)lead to fibrosis and functional disorder of papillary muscle,焦忌起呈饿响诈然赚灯侨坝滚骆耪捂撂窄西夯失级个肾妙念荤仅洪份苛在第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病,第二十三页,共六十六页。,一、Chronic MI,Calcification of mitral ring and subvalvular(二尖瓣环及环下区钙化(gihu)Infective endocsrditis Rupture of chordae tendineae(unknown cause)LV enlarged significantly(左室显著扩大)Else,润全种邮旋巾沤甜卒败盛屉丰车登顾尔虞糠蛛容矣矮顾泛跋俊鬃额院绵记第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病第08章心脏(xnzng)瓣膜病,第二十四页,共六十六页。,二、Acute