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骨科
关节
感染
Osteomyelitis 骨髓炎,Osteomyelitis is an inflammation of bone caused by an infecting organism.It may remain localized,or it may spread through the bone to involve the marrow,cortex,periosteum,and soft tissue surrounding the bone.化脓性骨髓炎是一种常见病,病因为化脓性细菌感染,它涉及骨膜、骨松质、骨密质与骨髓组织。,acute suppurative osteomyelitis急性血源性骨髓炎,Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis is the most common type of bone infection and is commonly seen in children.In children the metaphyses of rapidly growing long bones are most frequently involved.The infection causes an inflammatory reaction,local ischemic necrosis of the marrow and then bone,and subsequent abscess formation.在急性化脓性骨髓炎中,急性血源性骨髓炎最多见;约80%以上为12岁以下的儿童,男女比例约为4:1。长骨干骺端为好发部位,其中以胫骨上下端,股骨下端及肱骨上端最多见。其他骨骼也可发生,但较少见。,Bacteremia is an almost daily event in childhood,and other etiological factors,such as localized trauma or debilitation from a chronic illness,malnutrition,or inadequacy of the immune system,must be present for the infectionto develop.在急性血源性骨髓炎发病前,身体其他部位常有明显或不明显的感染性病灶,当处理不当或机体抵抗力降低时,感染灶内的致病细菌经血液循环至骨内停留而引起骨组织的急性感染。,As the abscess increases in size,intramedullary pressure increases;this causes more bone to become ischemic,and eventually purulent material escapes through the cortex into the subperiosteal space and forms a subperiosteal abscess.If inadequately treated,this process eventually results in extensive sequestra.Pathophysiology of hematogenous seeding.When under pressure,exudate or abscess can extend through Volkmann canals into subperiosteal region and from there into medullary cavity or epiphysis.大量的细菌停滞在长骨的干骺端渗出形成脓肿,并向各方向扩散。,Clinical manifestation临床表现,1)起病急,全身中毒症状重。病人高热,体温常在摄氏3940度,伴寒战,精神不振,食欲不佳,脉快,小儿惊厥等。2)感染早期,局部剧痛,皮温升高,患肢呈半屈曲制动状。,3)脓肿进入骨膜下时,局部明显压痛。当脓肿穿进皮下时,局部红,肿,痛,热明显。4)病情严重者可发生中毒休克,出现多处感染灶等。,Diagnose 诊断,1)高热,患肢疼痛剧烈,局部肿胀,皮温升高,长骨干骺端有深压痛,拒绝主动和被动活动;白细胞总数升高,中性粒细胞比值增大。2)局部分层穿刺 对早期诊断有重要价值。在骨膜下或骨髓内可抽出脓液,涂片检查有脓细胞或细菌可明确诊断。,3)X线的检查 早期无骨膜反应不能否定诊断。2周后逐渐出现松质骨虫蛀样散在骨破坏。如出现骨膜反应新骨形成表示感染已至骨膜。病变继续发展,可见分层骨膜增生。,图1:健侧 图2:患侧2周 图3:患侧3周,4)ECT bone scan Technetium 99m bone scan can confirm the diagnosis as early as 24to 48 hours after onset in 90%to 95%of patients.4)ECT 骨扫描 感染病灶在发病48小时内即可显示99mTc浓集,对早期诊断有帮助。,MRI Magnetic resonance imaging shows changes in the marrow and soft tissues from an inflammatory response.MRI 骨内病灶显示T1信号加强,有早期诊断价值。,发病6月的MRI显像,Differential diagnosis鉴别诊断,1)Acute cellulitis急性蜂窝组织炎2)Suppurative arthritis化脓性关节炎3)Maligant lymphoma 恶性组织细胞淋巴瘤,Treat principle治疗原则,An appropriate antibiotic will be effective before pus formation;antibiotics will not sterilize avascular tissues and purulent material that must be removed surgically;if such removal is effective,then antibiotics shuld phould ptevevt their reformation and therefore primary wound closure should be safe;surgery should not further damaga already ischemic bone and soft tissue;and antibiotics should be sontinued after surgery.预防中毒性休克和并发多处感染。局部治疗应早,力争急性期治愈,防止死骨形成而转变为慢性骨髓炎。,Treat 治疗,General supportive measures general supportive measures are begun,including intravenous fluids.If subperiosteal and bone aspirations donot showany evidence sf an abscess of an 全身支持疗法 提高机体免疫力,可少量多次输新鲜血或球蛋白。给予高蛋白,维生素饮食。高热时物理降温,保持体内水电解质的平衡,纠正酸中毒。,Antibiotic use antibiotic treatment for acute hematogenous osteomyelitis are complementary.In some patients,antibiotic treatment alone will cure the disease,in others,prolonged antibiotic treatment is doomed to failure without surgical treatment.抗生素的应用 早期大量联合使用广谱抗生素,依据细菌学药敏检测,在调整敏感抗生素,直到体温正常,局部炎症消失。,局部处理 目的:早期引流病灶,降低骨内压,减少毒血症状;阻止炎症扩散及死骨形成,防止转变成慢性骨髓炎。方法:病灶处开窗减压冲洗引流术。维持2周后,如引流无脓液先拔滴注管;3日后可考虑拔出引流管。,肢体制动 患肢用石膏托或皮牵引制动,有利于炎症消散和减轻疼痛防止病理性骨折和关节挛缩。,chronic suppurative osteomyelitis慢性血源性骨髓炎,急性感染未能彻底控制,病理,死骨窦道细菌,临床表现,骨畸形皮肤菲薄多处疤痕、溃疡窦道、臭味脓液放射学改变:早期阶段有虫蚀骨破坏、骨吸收、骨硬化。层状骨膜反映、死骨。,治疗,原则:清除死骨、炎性肉芽组织和消灭死腔病灶清除术。指征:死骨形成、死腔和窦道流脓者。手术禁忌症:1、急性发作时。2、死骨未完全脱离时,和包壳尚未充分生成者。,手术方法 1、清除病灶 2、消灭死腔(1)碟形手术(2)肌瓣添塞(3)闭式灌洗(4)庆大霉素珠链 3、伤口闭合(1)一期缝合置管引流(2)Orr疗法,创伤感染性骨不连接,创伤后骨折继发其周围软组织感染所致骨不连接称为创伤感染性骨不连接。Truamatic Infected Non-union(TIN),可因原发损伤过重,严重开放、粉碎性骨折、软组织严重缺损,坏死而一期清创又无法完全去除坏死组织及修复后的感染导致,也可因医源性因素,如闭合骨折开放复位,内固定所致。,三、TIN分型,分为:,1.增殖型,2.萎缩型,3.大段缺损型(难治型骨不连接),增殖型:,骨端接触,局部可见超出骨干原体积的骨痂,但假关节存在。,萎缩型:,骨端接触,局部可见日渐增宽的骨间隙,无骨痂生长或少许骨痂生长。,大段缺损型(难治型骨不连接),骨缺损在2cm以上,或多次局部植骨不能成活者。,四、诊断,A.创伤骨折并继发感染史,B.骨缺损或骨折间隙逐渐增大在三个月以上者,C.具备一般骨不连X线征象者。,五、治疗,感染的处理:,原则:消灭创面,治愈感染。,方法:取除内固定,药敏后全身及局部抗生素治疗。灌洗深部伤口,生肌膏外敷浅表创面,应用各种皮瓣覆盖创面。,骨不连的处理,原则:固定,促进骨折愈合,纠正短缩畸形。,钟某,男,11岁,右股骨干上段粉碎性骨折,钢板内固定术后感染,骨不连,行两次内固定失败,改用单边单臂外固定支架固定加压治愈。,唐某,男,矿工,因塌方致右胫腓骨开放性骨折,创伤感染性骨不连。,治愈后。,儿童长骨血源性化脓性骨髓炎大块骨溶解造成的骨干缺损是临床上的难题之一。这种大块骨缺损段长,骨端溶解萎缩、髓腔封闭、波及骨骺者及关节者尚可见骨骺萎缩及关节破坏,在胫骨者易出现单根腓骨生长,负重后弯曲而致的园军刀状畸形,由于这种缺损后大块骨移植成活的可能性小。因此,很多病人面临截肢的危险。,肱骨骨痂延长,图中所示患儿术后功能锻炼情况。,手术后一周箭头所指为截骨面,术后 箭头所指延长段骨痂生长情况,延长后行固定术使肱骨头与肱骨干愈合,治疗结束后患肢功能情况,贺某 女 2岁时患急性化脓性股骨骨髓炎,大块骨干缺损,双骨折端萎缩,局部硬化,曾行多次自体及异体骨移植失败,面临截肢。,第一次延长手术时情况,94年春,患儿首次接受骨痂延长术,当时左股骨仅仅7CM,肢体短缩15CM。,第二次术后X光片,片中箭头所示为第二次手术后的截骨面,骨痂生长情况,患儿两次骨痂延长术后,延长25CM,图中所示双下肢等长。,图为患者术后7年肢体恢复情况。目前患者已恢复正常生活。,suppurative arthritis 化脓性关节炎,化脓性关节炎为关节内化脓性感染。最常见的致病菌:金黄色葡萄球菌。细菌进入关节内的途径:1、血源性传播 2、临近关节附近的化脓性病灶直接蔓延至关节腔内 3、开放性关节损伤发生感染 4、医源性,病理,1