16
肛肠
疾病
Colonic-anal diseasesGeneral surgery of second Xianya hospital,Center South University Li Tiegang,结直肠肿瘤(colorectal neoplasma)肛裂(anal fissure)肛管直肠周围脓肿(anorectal abscess)肛瘘(anal fistula)痔疮(hemorrhoids),结直肠癌(colonic-rectal carcinoma),概论(introduction)国内外流行病学趋势及特点:1.上升性;2.以直肠乙状结肠为多发;3.预后相对较好。,发病现状,中国每年新发癌症病例约350万,因癌症死亡约250万。全国每6分钟就有1人被确诊为癌症,每天有8550人成为癌症患者,每7到8人中就有一例死于癌症。据非官方数据资料,中国大陆癌症村约达459个,病因,发达国家中,30%的癌症是由于饮食或营养,16%烟草,8%感染,5%职业暴露,2%环境污染,39%其他原因。而在我国,有学者夸张的说“80%到90%以上的癌症可能由于环境因素引起”,病因学基础(etiology)1.息肉(polypus):腺瘤性息肉、结肠息肉病等2.饮食(diet):高蛋白,高脂肪,低纤维素饮食3.血吸虫病(Schistomiasis):是血吸虫肉芽肿.4.溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis),腺瘤性息肉(polyps):管状腺瘤(adenoma)绒毛管状腺瘤绒毛状腺瘤(villous adenoma),7,病理(pathology),早期(early stage)是指癌局限于结直肠粘膜层及粘膜下层,一般无淋巴结转移。息肉状生长型、非息肉状生长型。,进展期(advanced stage),肿块型(massive)狭窄型(stenosis)溃疡型(ulcerative),镜下观察:(microscope Ob.)腺癌(adenocarcinoma)粘液癌(mucous carcinoma)未分化癌(undifferentiated carcinoma),肿瘤分级和分期(classification and stage)Broders method:低恶性;:中恶性;:高恶性;:未分化;,Dukes stages:A:局限于粘膜,无淋巴结转移;B:浸润到粘膜外,但无淋结转移;C:癌肿已出现淋巴结转移;D:已出现远处转移.,扩散与转移:(spread and metastasis)直接浸润(direct extension)淋巴转移(lymph metastasis)血行扩散(hematogenous metastasis)种植转移(implantation metastasis),临床表现(clinical findings),右半结肠癌的表现(semi-right colonic carcinoma),腹部肿块(abdomen masses)贫血(anemia)全身症状(general symptom),左半结肠癌的表现(semi-left colon carcinoma),肠梗阻(obstruction)排便习惯与粪便性状改变(alterations in bowel habits and feces),直肠癌的表现(manifestations of rectal carcinoma),直肠刺激症状(irritant symptom)癌肿破溃感染症状(rupture and infection of masses)肠壁狭窄症状(stenosis symptom),诊断(diagnosis),早期诊断(early diagnosis),排便习惯与粪便性状改变者(alteration of bowel habits and feces)进行性贫血、体重减轻(progressive anemia and weight loss)腹部肿块(abdomen masses),直肠指检(digital rectal examination),体位(position)方法(method)注意事项(attention),直肠指检发现的常见问题,痔疮(hemorrhoids)肛瘘(anal fistula)直肠息肉(rectal polypus)肛管直肠癌(anorectal carcinoma),内窥镜(endoscope),硬质镜(rigid endoscope)纤维镜(fibroscope)优点及存在问题(advantages and problem)注意事项及并发症(attention and complication),镜检报告(fibroscopic report),距肛门12cm可见一直径约5cm的肿块,肿块表面溃烂、渗血、呈菜花状。,镜检报告(fibroscopic report),横结肠中段可见环形肿块、狭窄,内镜不能通过,观察肿块全貌欠佳,肿块表面充血、溃烂、渗血。,镜检报告(fibroscopic report),距肛门10cm见粘膜肿块向腔内突出,表面糜烂坏死、成分叶状、累及1/3肠腔。,钡灌肠(barium enema),优点(advantages)存在问题(problem),病理检查(pathologic inspect),对直肠癌尤为重要(it is very important for rectum carcinoma),其它检查(other inspects),B-USCTCEA,治疗(treatment),以手术为主的综合治疗肠道准备(preparation of bowel),常见的手术方法(common procedure)右半结肠切除(semi-rihgt colon resection)左半结肠切除(semi-left colon resection)乙状结肠切除(sigmoid colon resection)Miles procedureDixon procedureHartmann procedure,直肠肛管解剖生理复习,齿线及意义(dental line)肛管直肠环(anorectal sphincteric ring)肛管直肠周围间隙(para-anorectal space),肛裂(anal fissure),肛裂三联征(fissure triad)临床表现(clinic findings)治疗:非手术、手术(therapy:operation,肛周脓肿(perianal abscess),肛周皮下脓肿坐骨直肠间隙脓肿骨盆直肠间隙脓肿,肛瘘(anal fistual),肛瘘的成因与病原菌临床表现(clinic findings)单纯肛瘘与复杂肛瘘高位肛瘘与低位肛瘘,肛瘘的治疗方法,切除切开挂线疗法,痔疮(hemorrhoids),外痔(internal hemorrhoids)内痔(external hemorrhoids),内痔的分期,期:排便时出血,痔块不脱出期:排便时痔块脱出,可自行 回纳期:排便时痔块脱出后需用手 回纳期:痔块脱出不能用手回纳,临床表现(clinic findings),便血痔块脱出疼痛瘙痒,非手术治疗(conservative therapy),通便局部清洁局部消炎对症处理,外科治疗,注射治疗(injection therapy)电子/激光治疗手术治疗(surgery therapy),谢谢,