2022
医学
专题
实体
化疗
基础知识
实体(sht)癌化疗基本知识,梅蔚德,第一页,共一百一十二页。,1.合理(hl)化疗的基本原理和要点,第二页,共一百一十二页。,1.1 化学治疗的基本原理1.1.1 化疗(hu lio)作用点,第三页,共一百一十二页。,细胞周期与化疗(hu lio)药物,第四页,共一百一十二页。,第五页,共一百一十二页。,第六页,共一百一十二页。,1.1.3癌的增殖(zngzh),第七页,共一百一十二页。,1.1.4肿瘤的生长(shngzhng),第八页,共一百一十二页。,第九页,共一百一十二页。,细胞毒药物(yow)对肿瘤的杀灭1.1.5.1对数杀灭,第十页,共一百一十二页。,1.1.5.2 剂量(jling)密度,第十一页,共一百一十二页。,1.1.5.3 生长比例(bl)改变,第十二页,共一百一十二页。,1.2化学治疗无效(wxio)或复发的有关问题,1.2.1“个体化问题(wnt)”1.2.1.1 ERCC-1(核苷酸切除修复交叉互补 组-1),主要在核内,低表达则伴随基因不 稳定,产生恶性表型。,第十三页,共一百一十二页。,51例NSCLC手术(shush)标本,50(低),第十四页,共一百一十二页。,ERCC1高水平,铂相对(xingdu)耐药,低水平者铂相对(xingdu)敏感。这对新辅助治疗可能较为重要,33例铂类新辅助治疗结果,上述(shngsh)对宫颈癌,卵巢癌亦适用,第十五页,共一百一十二页。,1.2.1.2 RRM1为核糖核苷酸还原(hun yun)酶亚单位M1,主要在核内,功能为将核苷酸还原(hun yun)为脱氧核苷酸,在NSCLC治疗中,高水平对健择及铂耐药。1.2.1.3 T S 为胸甘酸合酶,核及胞浆内均有,高水平时对5-FU及培美曲塞耐药,第十六页,共一百一十二页。,1.2.1.4 BRCA1(乳癌-1基因),为乳癌,卵巢癌易感基因,涉及(shj)DNA损伤修复,低水平者(0.61)生存期长于高水平者(2.45)p=0.01,对铂敏感。突变的BRCA1(编码第1815个氨基酸的密码子中G突变为A)对紫杉醇敏感。,第十七页,共一百一十二页。,1.2.2 耐药及其解决(jiju)方法,1.2.2.1 细胞动力学因素(生长比例小)可采取(ciq)手术/放疗 降低肿瘤体积应用可杀休止期细胞的药物 用药安排中应防止对某时相的忽略促成时相同步化,第十八页,共一百一十二页。,1.2.2.2 生物化学(shn w hu xu)因素,包括影响药物(yow)吸收,药物(yow)激活障碍,药物(yow)进靶细胞少而排除多,损伤DNA的快速复原,诱导癌凋亡受阻,MDR蛋白出现等,其中,相当一部分与基因突变有关,(如p53,HER-2,K-ras等)对策:联合化疗,G-CSF支持下或造血干细胞移植条件下大剂量化疗,钙通道阻滞剂,抗心律失常药,环孢菌素D,在某种情况下化疗与靶向治疗同用,如Cetuximab可逆转CPT-11对大肠癌的耐药性。,第十九页,共一百一十二页。,1.2.2.3 癌干细胞,1.2.2.3.1 致癌干细胞在癌瘤中的重要性 to share characterists with healthy stem cells(self renew,multilineage differentiation,and maintained proliferationactivation of survival responses,promotion of vessel formation,enhanced motility),第二十页,共一百一十二页。,Recapitulate tumorigenesis when xenotransptanted To contribute to therapeutic resistance,so eradication of the stem-cell compartment of a tumor may be essential to achieve stable,long-lasting remission,and even cure of cancer,第二十一页,共一百一十二页。,From CraigT.Jordan et al,第二十二页,共一百一十二页。,1.2.2.3.2 近代研究(ynji)证实致癌干细胞(肿瘤起始细胞)的存在 The identification of tumorinitiating cells Hemotopoietic system 血液系统:CD34-CD38+Lapiodot T et al:(Genes Dev.2003 Dec 15;17C24 3029-35)To identify an human AML-initiating cell(AIC)by transplatation into SCID mice,these cells homed to BM,resulting a pattern of dissemination,and leukaemic cell morphology similar to that seen in original patient AIC in the blood of AML patients was one engraftment unit in 250,000 cells,第二十三页,共一百一十二页。,1.2.2.3.3 乳癌“干细胞”(From Muhammad AI-Hajj,Proc Natl Aca 5c;USA 2003:100:3983-88)CD44+CD24-/low Lineage-1.2.2.3.4 脑肿瘤“干细胞”CD133+(prominin 1)1.2.2.3.5 结肠癌“干细胞”CD133+1.2.2.3.6 胰腺癌“干细胞”CD44,CD24,and epithelial-specific antigen(ESA)均阳性。1.2.2.3.7 进一步的明确干细胞可以由此研究出针对(zhndu)其 特性的杀灭药,第二十四页,共一百一十二页。,2 化疗(hu lio)指征及方案,2.1 由循证医学决定(NCCN),目的在于(ziy)尽可能保证“量体裁衣”,既不治疗过度又不治疗不足,其依据主要为:,第二十五页,共一百一十二页。,2.1.1 关于NCCN(国立综合癌症网)(1)a not-for-profit alliance of 21 of the worlds leading cancer centers为21个世界(shji)首要癌症中心的非盈利性联盟组织(2)The leadership and expertise of clinical professionals at NCCN Member Institutions 临床专家组成的委员会(3)The primary goal of all NCCN initiatives is:improving the quality,effectiveness,and efficiency of oncology practice so patients can live better lives 主要任务:不断改进患者生活质量,治疗效果及效率-改善生存,第二十六页,共一百一十二页。,(4)The development of NCCN information is based upon the independent evaluation of available scientific evidence integrated with the expert judgment of leading clinicians.由首要的临床专家们对提供(tgng)的科学证据进行独立评估并结合专业判断,据此每年改进NCCN“指南”2.1.2 Clinical Trials 指南内容根据-临床试验结果(1)The NCCN believes that the best management for any cancer.Patient is in a clinical trial.Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.,第二十七页,共一百一十二页。,(2)All recommendations are Category 2A unless otherwise specified(3)NCCN Categories of Evidence and Consensus:NCCN 临床证据(zhngj)及评判意见一致性的分类 如下表,第二十八页,共一百一十二页。,第二十九页,共一百一十二页。,2.1.3 Safeguards for Eliminating Biases 消除指南偏差 2.1.3.1 Two safeguards listed as follow:panels reflecting all schools of thought for a particular tumor,and the process of iteration and feedback 广泛性及反复讨论(toln)2.1.3.2 To address bias is the presentation of new NCCN Guidelines at the annual meeting,where meeting attendees are invited to provide both oral and written comments on the guidelines.每年年会根据临床试验的结果,讨论对指南的不同意见形成新指南,第三十页,共一百一十二页。,2.1.4 指南形成过程 NCCN Guidelines Development Process“指南”指导委员会挑选主要内容 Guidelines Steering Committee Selects Topic 某指南专门小组 Guideline Panel Selected 形成某指南一稿 Preliminary Pathway Derivation 多中心复核(fh)小组材料讨论按NCCN方法当归纳 Institutional Review Collection 采集补充 Guideline Revision 指南修正 Final Guideline 指南定稿 Continuous Review 继续复核,第三十一页,共一百一十二页。,2.1.5 NCCN 开本格式(g shi)Treatment Pathways 治疗步骤,诊断(zhndun)Diagnosis,检查(jinch)分期Work-up&Staging,首要初治Primary Treatment,辅助治疗Adjuvant Therapy,复发治疗、补救治疗Salvage/Recurrence Therapy,对症、支持处理步骤Symptom Management/Supportive Care Pathways,筛查Screening,危险性评估RiskAssessment,分级Triage,特异性评估SpecializedEvaluation,特异性干预SpecificIntervention,再次评估Reevaluation,随访Follow-up,第三十二页,共一百一十二页。,2.1.2 病理诊断是关键(gunjin),除组织形态学外,还常需分子病理学(分子遗传病理,免疫组化病理),严格重视病理诊断应与临床诊断一致。存在(cnzi)下列两种情况,可在无病理诊断下行治疗(约1%)。a 建立诊断的措施或不迅速治疗将导致较严重后果或死亡b 良性病变可能性小,第三十三页,共一百一十二页。,2.1.3 在TNM分类的基础(jch)上分期(以胃癌为例2009),2.1.3.1,第三十四页,共一百一十二页。,第三十五页,共一百一十二页。,第三十