2022
医学
专题
泌尿系统
整合
PBL
余先生(xin sheng)怎么了,泌尿系统(m nio x tn)PBL第二组,第一页,共八十二页。,肾小球正常(zhngchng)结构,杨佳妮、,第二页,共八十二页。,第三页,共八十二页。,肾单位(dnwi)(Nephron),第四页,共八十二页。,第五页,共八十二页。,血管球毛细血管(有孔毛细管):有孔(70nm左右,最大100nm)无隔膜 内皮细胞游离(yul)面细胞衣 负电荷,第六页,共八十二页。,肾脏基膜(Renal Basement Membrane)连续结构 由毛细血管内皮细胞 与足细胞共同(gngtng)产生,第七页,共八十二页。,足细胞(xbo)(podocyte):突起(process)裂孔(slit pore)裂孔膜(slit membrane),第八页,共八十二页。,第九页,共八十二页。,Glomerulus Function,张家旭,第十页,共八十二页。,Glomerular filtration,第十一页,共八十二页。,Glomerular filtration barrier,Neutral solutes:Solutes smaller than 2 nanometers in radius are freely filteredSolutes greater than 4.2 nanometers do not filterSolutes between 2 and 4.2 nm are filtered to various degrees,第十二页,共八十二页。,Glomerular filtration rate(GFR)is the volume of fluid filtered from therenal(kidney)glomerularcapillaries into theBowmans capsuleper unit time.,Kfis the filtration coefficient a proportionality constantPgcis the glomerular capillaryhydrostatic pressurePbcis the Bowmans capsule hydrostatic pressuregcis the glomerular capillaryoncotic pressurebcis the Bowmans capsule oncotic pressure=0,EFR,125ml/min,1.Changes in renal blood flow2.Changes in glomerular capillary hydrostatic P-changes in systemic BP-afferent or efferent arteriolar constriction3.Changes in hydrostatic P in Bowmans capsule-ureteral obstruction,renal edema 4.Changes in glomerular capillaryoncotic pressure5.Changes in Kf-Reduction in effective filtration surface area-Changes in glomerular capillary permeability,第十三页,共八十二页。,Two mechanisms control the GFR Renal autoregulation Nervous and humoral regulation,Regulation of Glomerular Filtration,Under normal conditions(MAP=80-180mmHg)renal autoregulation maintains a nearly constant glomerular filtration rate Two mechanisms are in operation for autoregulation:Myogenic mechanismTubuloglomerular feedback,第十四页,共八十二页。,尿常规,刘逸馨,第十五页,共八十二页。,项目(xingm),理学检验(physical exam):尿量、尿气味、尿外观、比重(SG)化学检验(chemical exam)pH、蛋白质、葡萄糖、酮体、胆红素、尿胆原、血红蛋白/隐血(ynxu)、亚硝酸盐、白细胞酯酶、维生素C、微量白蛋白显微镜检验(microscopic exam)细胞(RBC、WBC)、管型、结晶、微生物,第十六页,共八十二页。,尿量(Vol),正常:成人6002000ml/24h少尿(oliguria):尿量2500ml/d,如糖尿病、尿崩症、使用利尿剂、咖啡因和乙醇,第十七页,共八十二页。,尿气味(qwi)(Odor),正常:芳香味,与摄入食物(shw)中挥发酸有关异常:提示病理情况、标本处理或贮存不当,第十八页,共八十二页。,外观(wigun),尿色(Col)正常:淡黄色至黄褐色(尿胆素)异常:血尿、胆红素尿、血红蛋白尿透明度(Clr)正常:清澈透明无沉淀。放置一段时间后,可出现絮状沉淀,尤其(yuq)女性尿液;异常:尿液排挤时即浑浊,多由白细胞、上皮细胞、粘液、微生物等引起,需作显微镜检查予以辨别,第十九页,共八十二页。,比重(bzhng)(SG),反映肾小管重吸收肾小球滤过成分、肾功能状态、患者脱水状态。正常:1.0151.025,晨尿最高增高:高热性脱水、急性肾小球肾炎、心功能不全,蛋白尿及糖尿病降低:尿崩症、慢性肾炎等肾脏浓缩功能减退等张尿:牢固在1.010左右,为肾实质严重受损,肾脏浓缩及稀释功能下降(xijing)所致,第二十页,共八十二页。,化学(huxu)检验(chemical exam),第二十一页,共八十二页。,蛋白质(PRO),肾功能异常的早期(zoq)症状。正常:定性(-),定量080mg/24h肾小球性:重度(34g/d),以白蛋白为主,如链球菌感染后AGN,糖尿病肾病。肾小管性:轻度(1g/d),以1M、球蛋白(2M、轻链、溶菌酶)为主,如急性肾盂肾炎,肾移植排斥。,第二十二页,共八十二页。,RBC(血尿(xu nio)),正常(zhngchng):小于3个RBC/HPF。,第二十三页,共八十二页。,异形(y xn)RBC,Birech畸形RBC分类(fn li)畸形红细胞占80%以上为肾小球性血尿畸形红细胞80%以上为非肾小球性血尿畸形红细胞20%、80%,为混合型血尿,第二十四页,共八十二页。,WBC,正常:5个WBC/HPF中性粒细胞细菌感染:最常见,膀胱炎、肾盂肾炎、前列腺炎、尿道炎。非细菌性疾病:肾小球肾炎、狼疮性肾炎、肿瘤。嗜酸性粒细胞:急性药物诱导性小管间质性肾炎标志。单个核细胞(巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞、浆细胞):炎症(ynzhng)过程、肾移植排斥可能。,第二十五页,共八十二页。,WBC,第二十六页,共八十二页。,管型(cast),肾小管和集合管内形成圆柱形物质常提示肾脏病变产生条件:酸性尿;尿流静止;蛋白质增高:Tamm-Horsfall蛋白;溶质浓度。分类:基质:透明管型,蜡样管型,宽管型;包涵体:颗粒、脂肪球、含铁血黄素、结晶、黑色素;色素管型:Hb、Mb、胆红素、药物;细胞(xbo)管型:RBC、WBC、肾小管上皮细胞、混合细胞;细菌管型,第二十七页,共八十二页。,结晶(jijng)(cyrstal),正常(zhngchng):酸性:尿酸、无定形尿酸盐、草酸钙 碱性:三联磷酸盐、无定形磷酸盐、磷酸钙、尿酸铵、碳酸钙异常:胱氨酸、胆固醇、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、胆红素、磺胺、氨苄青霉素、放射造影剂等,第二十八页,共八十二页。,肾脏功能常用(chn yn)实验检测,唐果,第二十九页,共八十二页。,肾小球功能(gngnng)检测,肾小球滤过率(GFR,glomerular filtration rate)单位时间内两肾生成原尿的量 血肌酐测定(Cr,creatinine)N:44-132mol/L(男性)初筛指标 血清(xuqng)尿素测定(serum urea,SU)N:1.8-7.1mmol/L(成人),第三十页,共八十二页。,内生肌酐清除率测定(endogenous creatinine clearance,Ccr)N:80-120ml/(min1.73m2)Ccr=尿肌酐浓度*每分钟尿量/血肌酐浓度 菊粉清除率(inulin clearance rate,Cin)“金标准”临床难以(nny)应用,第三十一页,共八十二页。,尿微量白蛋白测定(microalbumin,MA)尿蛋白选择性指数(selective proteinuria index,SPI)血清半胱氨酸蛋白(dnbi)酶抑制蛋白(dnbi)C测定(cystatin C,cys C)N:0.6-2.5mg/L 敏感且特异 其他尿微量蛋白测定,第三十二页,共八十二页。,血中尿酸测定 N:149-417mol/L(成人,男)年龄(ninlng)升高,尿酸正常值增多血中白蛋白及总蛋白测定,第三十三页,共八十二页。,近端肾小管功能(gngnng)检测,1微球蛋白测定(cdng),2微球蛋白测定(cdng),其他(RBP,FeNa,TmG,NAG),第三十四页,共八十二页。,肾小管排泌功能(gngnng)检测,酚红排泄(pixi)试验,肾小管对氨基(nj)马尿酸最大排泌量试验,第三十五页,共八十二页。,远端肾小管功能(gngnng)检测,尿渗量和自由水清除率昼夜尿比密和3h尿比密试验尿浓缩(nn su)试验尿T-H糖蛋白测定,肾小管性酸中毒检测(jin c),肾脏功能检测,第三十六页,共八十二页。,Proteinuria,王小点(xio din),第三十七页,共八十二页。,Definition,Gold standard:24-hour protein excretion For adult:The excretion of an excessive amount of protein(150mg/24h)in the urineFor children:140 mg/24h,第三十八页,共八十二页。,Classification,Benign proteinuriaPathological proteinuriaGlomerular proteinuriaTubular proteinuriaOverflow proteinuria,第三十九页,共八十二页。,Benign proteinuria,DehydrationFeverInflammatory processIntensive activityMost acute illnessesOrthostatic/Postural proteinuria,第四十页,共八十二页。,Glomerular proteinuria,Mechanisms:Filtration barrier injury(Size/Charge barrier)Characteristic:HMW proteins 70%-80%(IgG,transferrin,albumin)More than 2g/24hCause:Primary:GN,nephrotic syndromeSecondary:Diabetes mellitus,Lupus nephritisDrugs:Heroin,NSAIDs,第四十一页,共八十二页。,Tubular proteinuria,Mechanisms:Low reabsorption atproximal tubuleCharacteristic:LMW proteins 50%(/-microglobulin)Albumin25%Less than 1g/2