低强度抗阻结合血流限制和高...男子短跑运动员爆发力的影响_张俊杰.pdf

第 42 卷 第 6 期2022 年 12 月Vol.42 No.6Dec.2022广州体育学院学报Journal of Guangzhou Sport University23收稿日期：2022-10-10基金项目：国家科技攻关计划（2018YFF0300801）；河北省体育科学研究所课题（19245709D）。作者简介：张俊杰（1996-），男，安徽合肥人，博士研究生，研究方向：身体运动功能训练理论与实践。通信作者：刘海元（1971-），男，山西岚县人，博士，教授，博士生导师，研究方向：学校体育学。低强度抗阻结合血流限制和高强度抗阻练习对男子短跑运动员爆发力的影响张俊杰1，魏宏文2，刘瑞东3，周财亮4，刘海元1（1.首都体育学院 研究生部，北京 100191；2.北京体育大学 体能训练学院，北京 100084；3 北京体育大学 竞技体育学院，北京 100084；4.北京体育大学 运动人体科学学院，北京 100084）摘 要：目的：探究低强度抗阻结合血流限制干预和高强度抗阻练习对男子短跑运动员冲刺能力和爆发性跳跃表现的急性影响。方法：15 名大学男子短跑运动员按随机顺序完成 90%1 RM 臀推（Hip Thrust，HT）、90%1 RM 杠铃半蹲（Half Squat，HS）、30%1 RM HT+BFRT 和 30%1 RM HS+BFRT 任务干预，高强度抗阻练习方案为 90%1 RM1 次/组 5 组 组间歇 1min，低强度抗阻结合血流限制训练方案为 30%1 RM15 次/组 3 组 组间歇 30s，干预后第 5 分钟随机进行 20m 冲刺跑、立定跳远和垂直跳跃测试，每次实验仅完成其中一项测试，时间间隔 72h。结果：（1）30%1 RM HS+BFRT 干预后 10-20m 冲刺能力显著高于 90%1 RM HT、90%1 RM HS；30%1 RM HT+BFRT 干预后 0-20m 冲刺能力显著高于 90%1 RM HS；（2）30%1 RM HS+BFRT 干预后 CMJ 纵跳高度显著高于 90%1 RM HS；90%1 RM HS 干预后立定跳远成绩显著高于 30%1 RM HT+BFRT；（3）90%1 RM HT、90%1 RM HS 干预后 CMJ 相对峰值功率显著高于 30%1 RM HT+BFRT；90%1 RM HS 干预后 CMJ 相对发力率显著高于 30%1 RM HT+BFRT；90%1 RM HT 干预后SJ 相对发力率显著高于 30%1 RM HT+BFRT、30%1 RM HS+BFRT；90%1 RM HS 干预后 CMJ 相对峰值力显著高于 30%1 RM HT+BFRT；90%1 RM HT 干预后 SJ 相对峰值力显著高于 30%1 RM HT+BFRT、30%1 RM HS+BFRT。结论：（1）低强度杠铃臀推抗阻结合血流限制干预后男子短跑运动员冲刺能力显著高于高强度杠铃半蹲；（2）杠铃半蹲练习对男子短跑运动员爆发性跳跃表现的积极影响显著优于杠铃臀推。关键词：血流限制；抗阻练习；爆发力；激活后增强效应；垂直跳跃；短跑中图分类号：G822.1 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1007-323X（2022）06-0023-09Effect of Low-Intensity Resistance Combines Blood Flow Restriction and High-Intensity Resistance Exercises on Explosive Power in Male SprintersZHANG Jun-jie1，WEI Hong-wen2，LIU Rui-dong3，ZHOU Cai-liang4，LIU Hai-yuan1（1.Graduate School，Capital University of Physical Education And Sports，Beijing 100191，China；2.School of Strength and Conditioning，Beijing Sport University，Beijing 100084，China；3.Sports Coaching College，Beijing Sport University，Beijing 100084，China；4.School of Sport and Human Sciences，Beijing Sport University，Beijing 100084，China）Abstract:Objective:to investigate the acute effects of low-intensity resistance combined with blood flow restriction training and high-intensity resistance training on sprint and jump performance in male 成果与报告DOI:10.13830/44-1129/g8.2022.06.002广州体育学院学报第 6 期第 42 卷24sprinters.Methods:Fifteen male college sprinters were recruited to complete 90%1 RM hip thrust(HT),90%1 RM barbell half squat(HS),30%1 RM HT+BFRT and 30%1 RM HS+BFRT interventions.The high-intensity resistance training program involves 90%1 RM1repetition 5sets 1min interval recovery time,and the low-intensity resistance combined with blood flow restriction training program includes 30%1 RM15 repetitions 3 sets 30s interval recovery time.Participants complete 20m sprint,standing long jump and jump tests after each intervention,only one of these tests was completed following each intervention program with the interval time greater than 72h.Results:(1)The sprint performance of 10-20m following 30%1 RM HS+BFRT intervention was significantly higher than that of 90%1 RM HT and 90%1 RM HS;The 0-20m sprint performance after 30%1 RM HT+BFRT intervention was significantly higher than that of 90%1 RM HS.(2)The CMJ vertical jump height was significantly higher than 90%1 RM HS after 30%1 RM HS+BFRT intervention;The standing long jump performance of 90%1 RM HS after the intervention was significantly higher than that of 30%1 RM HT+BFRT;(3)The relative peak power of CMJ after 90%1 RM HT and 90%1 RM HS intervention was significantly higher than that of 30%1 RM HT+BFRT;The relative force rate of CMJ after 90%1 RM HS intervention was significantly higher than that of 30%1 RM HT+BFRT.The relative force rate of SJ after 90%1 RM HT practice intervention was significantly higher than that of 30%1 RM HT+BFRT and 30%1 RM HS+BFRT.The relative peak force of CMJ after 90%1 RM HS intervention was significantly higher than that of 30%1 RM HT+BFRT.The increase in SJ relative peak power after 90%1 RM HT practice intervention was significantly higher than that of 30%1 RM HT+BFRT and 30%1 RM HS+BFRT.Conclusions:(1)The sprinting ability of male sprinters was significantly higher after low-intensity barbell hip thrust resistance combined with blood flow restriction intervention than high-intensity barbell half-squat;(2)The effect of barbell half-squat exercise on explosive jumping performance of male sprinters was significantly better than that of barbell hip thrust.Keywords:blood flow restriction;resistance exercise;explosive;post-activation potentiation;vertical jump;sprint激 活 后 增 强 效 应（Post-activation Potentiation，PAP）是由肌肉自主收缩引起肌肉表现急性提高的一种现象。国外有学者认为 PAP 是由肌肉自主收缩而引起肌肉表现的急性提高1，也有学者认为 PAP 是在预负荷刺激后爆发力急性提高的现象2；国内学者认为PAP 是在某种特定条件的收缩刺激后能够引起人体肌肉收缩和低频强直性力量显著增加的训练现象3。尽管目前对于 PAP 的定义并不统一，但不可否认的是激活后增强效应对爆发性表现具有积极影响4-6，其可能机制主要是高阈值运动单位募集能力提高、肌球蛋白调节性轻链磷酸化、肌纤维羽状角改变等6，增强效应大小取决于运动水平、肌纤维类型、肌肉收缩类型、持续时间以及诱导负荷量度等7-8。Hamada 等9发现，激活后增强效应似乎需要高强度抗阻练习进行诱导，但高强度抗阻练习引起的疲劳也会增加损伤风险和主观不适。近 年 来，血 流 限 制 训 练（Blood flow restriction training，BFRT）备受体育科研人员、竞技体育教练员和运动员的关注。BFRT 通过施加训练压力抑制静脉血流且部分抑制动脉血流的速度，使相邻关节或局部氧气运输不足，打破内环境稳态，引起血乳酸水平和自由基数量急剧增加10，促使