大球盖菇菌渣还田对水稻生长和稻田土壤环境的影响_彭新红.pdf

2023，45（2）DOI：10.13836/j.jjau.2023034江西农业大学学报 Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensishttp:/大球盖菇菌渣还田对水稻生长和稻田土壤环境的影响彭新红1，陈绪涛1，何虎2，戴建成1，胡佳1，戴丹1，孙鹏1，王振1，魏桢3，魏云辉1*（1.江西省农业科学院 农业应用微生物研究所，江西 南昌 330200；2.江西省农业科学院 水稻研究所，江西 南昌 330200；3.江西生物科技职业学院，江西 南昌 330200）摘要：【目的】探究大球盖菇菌渣全量还田对水稻产量、土壤肥力和微生物多样性的影响，为评价菌渣对土壤环境质量的改良提供重要参考。【方法】在江西吉安开展菌渣原位还田试验，试验设置常规施肥（CK）、菌渣原位还田+常规施肥（JZ）和秸秆全量还田+常规施肥（JG）3个处理，分析不同栽培措施下水稻的生物量、产量和养分吸收量，以及土壤养分含量、菌群丰度和微生物多样性等土壤环境的差异。【结果】与CK处理相比，JZ和JG均显著提高了水稻的生物量和产量，产量增幅分别为9.51%和4.89%。JZ和JG处理促进了水稻对氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）养分的吸收，成熟期N、P、K吸收量分别提高了41.44%和31.01%、48.64%和33.13%、28.44%和26.74%。JZ处理土壤pH较CK略有升高，JG处理移栽前期和幼穗分化期则显著降低；JZ和JG处理土壤中有机质和速效养分含量均明显升高；施用菌渣和秸秆显著提高了土壤中细菌的多样性，JZ处理土壤中与有机质降解相关的菌群丰度明显升高。【结论】大球盖菇菌渣原位还田和秸秆全量还田均能提高土壤的养分含量、土壤微生物群落多样性和水稻产量，菌渣原位还田对稻田土壤环境和水稻生长的影响优于秸秆全量还田。关键词：大球盖菇；菌渣还田；水稻产量；土壤化学性质；微生物多样性中图分类号：S511；S154.39 文献标志码：A 开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）：文章编号：1000-2286（2023）02-0349-12Effects of Returning Stropharia rugosoannulata Cultivation Residue to Paddy Fields on Rice growth and Soil EnvironmentPENG Xinhong1，CHEN Xutao1，HE Hu2，DAI Jiancheng1，HU Jia1，DAI Dan1，SUN Peng1，WANG Zhen1，WEI Zhen3，WEI Yunhui1*收稿日期：20221228 修回日期：20230226基金项目：江西省重点研发计划重点项目（101145040103）、江西省重点研发计划一般项目（20212BBF63013）、国家食用菌产业技术体系CARSS和江西现代农业科研协同创新专项（JXXTCXBSJJ202213）Key Project of Jiangxi Province Key R&D Plan（101145040103），General Project of Jiangxi Province Key R&D Plan（20212BBF63013），National Edible Fungus Industry Technology System CARSS and Jiangxi Modern Agricultural Research Collaborative Innovation Special（JXXTCXBSJJ202213）作者简介：彭新红，助理研究员，博士，orcid.org/0000-0002-9419-6571，；*通信作者：魏云辉，研究员，主要从事食用菌种质资源创新、良种繁育及高效栽培技术研究，。彭新红，陈绪涛，何虎，等.大球盖菇菌渣还田对水稻生长和稻田土壤环境的影响 J.江西农业大学学报，2023，45（2）：349-360.PENG X H,CHEN X T,HE H,et al.Effects of returning Stropharia rugosoannulata cultivation residue to paddy fields on rice growth and soil environmentJ.Acta agriculturae universitatis Jiangxiensis,2023,45(2):349-360.江 西 农 业 大 学 学 报第 45 卷（1.Institute of Agricultural Applied Microbiology，Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Nanchang 330200，China；2.Institute of Rice，Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Nanchang 330200，China；3.Jiangxi Biotechnology Vocational College，Nanchang 330200，China）Abstract：Objective This study aims to investigate the effects of returning Stropharia rugosoannulata residue to paddy fields on rice yield，soil fertility and microbial diversity，thus providing an important reference for evaluating the improvement of soil environmental quality by S.rugosoannulata residue.MethodField experiments were conducted in the Ji an city，Jiangxi province.Three groups of Regular fertilizer（CK），in situ S.rugosoannulata residue returning+regular fertilizer（JZ）and total rice straw returning+regular fertilizer（JG）were designed.The changes of rice biomass，yield and nutrient uptake，as well as the soil nutrient contents，flora abundance and microbial diversity were analyzed under different cultivation practices.Result As compared with CK，the result showed that biomass and yield were significantly increased in JZ and JG treatments，and the yield was increased by 9.51%and 4.89%，respectively.JZ and JG treatments promoted the uptake of N，P，K nutrients in different growth stages of rice by 41.44%and 31.01%，48.64%and 33.13%，28.44%and 26.74%at maturity stage，respectively.The pH of soil under JZ treatment was slightly higher than that of CK，while the pH of soil under JG treatment was significantly lower at the early stage of transplanting and young panicle differentiation stage.The contents of organic matter and available nutrients in soil were significantly increased under JZ and JG treatments.The application of S.rugosoannulata residue and straw significantly increased the diversity of bacteria in soil，and the abundance of bacteria related to organic matter degradation in soil under JZ treatment was significantly increased，which promoted the degradation of organic matter and nutrient release in soil.ConclusionThe results of the study showed that both in situ S.rugosoannulata cultivation residue returning and full-straw returning could improve soil nutrient content，soil microbial community diversity and rice yield，and the effect of in situ S.rugosoannulata cultivation residue returning on rice growth and soil environment was better than that of total straw returning.Keywords：Stropharia rugosoannulata；return fungus residue to field；rice yield；soil chemical properties；microbial diversity【研究意义】大球盖菇（Stropharia rugosoannulata）又名皱环球盖菇、酒红色球盖菇、斐氏球盖菇等，隶属于担子菌门（Basidiomycota）、伞菌纲（Agricomycetes）、伞菌目（Agricales）、球盖菇科（Strophariaceae）、球盖菇属（Stropharica），属草腐土生菌，含有多种必需氨基酸和生物活性物质，具有很高的营养价值和药用价值1-2。据统计，2020年大球盖菇产量近2.0105 t，相比2019年增长40.67%（中国食用菌协会统计数据）3，是国际菇类市场上畅销的十大菇类之一，也是联合国粮农组织（FAO）向发展中国家推荐栽培的蕈菌之一。大球盖菇对农作物秸秆具有很强的生物降解能力，可采用秸秆、木屑、谷壳等农业废弃物生料栽培和发酵料栽培，产生显著经济效益的同时，也可以为秸秆综合利用提供一条有效途径。【前人研究进展】中国是全球食用菌生产第一大国。2020年，我国食用菌总产量达4 061.43万t，同比增长3.2%，占全球食用菌总生产量的70%以上（中国食用菌协会统计数据）3。据测算，每生产1 kg食用菌约产生3.25 kg菌渣。菌渣是一种特殊的有机物料，内含丰富的氮、磷、钾、多糖、氨基酸以及微量元素等多种营养物质4。施用菌渣能降低土壤容重，显著提高土壤酶活性、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量以及土壤微生物的多样性，从而增加作物产量，提