基于风储联合系统的受端电网黑启动技术及协调恢复策略_张英敏.pdf

新型电力系统DOI:10.15961/j.jsuese.202200299基于风储联合系统的受端电网黑启动技术及协调恢复策略张英敏1，吴谨轶1，江琴1*，李保宏1，苟洪霖1，王腾鑫2，张敏2(1.四川大学 电气工程学院，四川 成都 610065；2.国网山西省电力科学研究院，山西 太原 030002)摘要：受端电网发生故障停电时要求送端电源具备黑启动能力，目前中国具有黑启动电源的主要为火电厂及水电厂。随着高比例的风电大量接入，电网要求风电机组具有一定的黑启动能力，但风能由于其不确定性和波动性导致风电机组很难单独参与黑启动。为使得风电机组具备较好的黑启动能力参与电网恢复，本文针对双馈风电场，提出了一种基于风储联合系统的受端电网3阶段协调恢复策略。初始阶段，通过储能装置建立交流频率和电压辅助风机顺利并网；中期阶段，切换储能装置控制模式并在风机转子侧设计虚拟同步控制为系统提供频率和电压支撑，并完成部分发电机组及负荷的恢复；后期阶段，在储能侧设计了基于H2/H的附加鲁棒控制器抑制多机组并网的低频振荡，实现受端电网平稳恢复。在PSCAD/EMTDC平台搭建了风储联合系统模型，并进行黑启动和电网恢复过程仿真。结果表明：提出的风储联合启动能够实现风机顺利并网；在厂用负荷和机组并网过程中采用切换储能控制方式能维持电压和频率在稳定范围内；在受端电网恢复及后期阶段，设计的鲁棒控制器对低频振荡有很好的抑制效果；相比常规控制，在系统启动恢复过程中采用的虚拟同步控制对系统的支撑能力更强。从而验证了本文所提风储联合系统参与受端电网黑启动的协调恢复策略的有效性和可行性。关键词：风储联合系统；黑启动；双馈异步风力发电机；虚拟同步控制；鲁棒控制中图分类号：TM722文献标志码：A文章编号：2096-3246（2023）02-0072-12Receiving-end Power Grid Black Start Technology and Coordinated Restoration StrategyBased on Wind-storage Combined SystemZHANG Yingmin1，WU Jinyi1，JIANG Qin1*，LI Baohong1，GOU Honglin1，WANG Tengxin2，ZHANG Min2(1.School of Electrical Eng.,Sichuan Univ.,Chengdu 610065,China;2.State Grid Shanxi Electric Power Research Inst.,Taiyuan 030002,China)Abstract:When faults occur in the receiving-end power grid,the sending-end power supply is required to have black-start capability.At present,the existing black-start power sources in China are mainly thermal power plants and hydropower plants.With a high proportion of wind powerenormously connected to the main grid,wind turbines are required to have a certain black-start capability.However,due to the uncertainty andvolatility of wind energy,it is difficult for wind turbines to participate in black start alone.In order to make wind turbines have better black startability to participate in power grid restoration,this paper proposed a three-stage coordinated recovery strategy for the receiving-end power gridbased on the combined wind-storage system for doubly-fed wind farms.In the initial stage,the AC frequency and voltage were establishedthrough the energy storage device so that the wind turbine can smoothly connected to the main grid.Then,in the middle stage,the control mode ofthe energy storage device was switched and a virtual synchronous control was designed on the rotor side of the wind turbine to provide support offrequency and voltage for the system,and some generator sets and loads can recover.After that,in the later stage,an additional robust controllerbased on H2/H was designed on the energy storage side,which can suppress the low-frequency oscillation when multiple units connected to the收稿日期:2022 04 08基金项目:国家电网总部科技项目（5100202199274A0000）作者简介:张英敏（1974），女，教授，博士.研究方向：电力系统稳定与控制；高压直流输电.E-mail：*通信作者:江琴，E-mail：网络出版时间:2022 09 29 00:00:00 网络出版地址:https:/ http:/http:/ 第 55 卷 第 2 期工 程 科 学 与 技 术Vol.55 No.22023 年 3 月ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCESMar.2023grid,so as to realize the stable recovery of the receiving-end power grid.Finally,a wind-storage combined system model was built based onPSCAD/EMTDC and the black start and restoration of power grid restoration was simulated.The simulation results show that the proposed jointstartup of both wind turbine and energy storage can realize the smooth grid connection of wind turbine;In the grid connection process of plantload and generator,switching energy storage control mode of wind turbine can maintain the voltage and frequency of in the stable range;Moreover,in the stage of recovery and later operation of receiving power grid,the designed robust controller designed has a good effect on sup-pressing low-frequency oscillation;Compared with the conventional control modals,the virtual synchronization control adopted in the process ofsystem startup and recovery has a stronger ability to support the system;Thus,the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed coordinated restor-ation strategy of wind and energy storage system participating in the black start of the receiving power grid are fully verified.Key words:wind-storage combined system;black start;doubly fed induction generator;virtual synchronization control;robust control 目前在中国主要的黑启动方案中，通常选择水力发电厂或火力发电厂作为黑启动电源1。但如果在风能资源丰富的地区采用水电厂作为黑启动电源，恢复时间长并且可靠性大大降低。根据全球风能理事会统计，中国风电渗透率预计在2035年将达到15%左右2。由于风电自身的波动性和随机性3，大规模的风电集中接入会使得电网惯性降低稳定性变差，弃风现象大量出现4。考虑到中国电力电子及电池等领域的快速发展以及电池储能的广泛应用，通过为风电场筹建大容量储能装置实现风电场的自由灵活控制，建立可控性强、运行方式灵活的风储联合系统成为目前新能源领域的重要发展方向56。当前，针对风储联合系统的研究主要集中于利用储能平抑风电功率波动，减少其对系统频率稳定等的影响。汪海蛟等7通过分析目前已建成的平抑风电功率的储能系统，从储能系统类型、储能系统功率、等4个方面研究了储能系统平抑风电功率波动的可行性。蒋平等8研究了一种储能装置独立为风电机组进行补偿的模型，并在此基础上设计了储能电池与大电容的混合系统，利用该系统实现对系统频率的平抑效果。Li等9通过设计储能系统的控制方式以及储能系统的容量，提出了一种基于模糊逻辑的电池荷电状态（state of charge，SOC）控制方法，通过调节电池的SOC从而降低储能系统容量，提高平抑效果。可见，风储联合系统中的储能部分在电网正常运行时发挥着重要作用。但文献79主要研究储能系统对于正常运行状态下的风电机组的频率振荡平抑作用，并未涉及受端电网全黑后储能与风电机组配合参与黑启动的情况。相比于正常运行，黑启动时系统特性及控制方式将发生较大变化。针对风储联合系统参与黑启动恢复策略方面，国内外主要从储能系统接线方式以及风电机组内部背靠背换流器控制方式两个方面展开。在储能系统接线方面，Aktarujjaman等10提出一种将储能系统安装在双馈异步风力发电机（doublyfed induction generator，DFIG）直流母线侧为风电机组提供初始励磁的方案，从而实现了风电机组作为黑启动电源参与受端电网黑启动过程。该方案所需储能系统容量较小，具有一定的经济性，但此策略需要对每一台风电机组进行改造，实际应用较为困难。万玉良等11结合大良储能型风电场提出一种将储能系统外接在交流母线上为风电机组提供励磁的方案。相较于前者，后者所需的储能