海马齿生态适应能力与修复应用研究_刘炜.pdf

热带作物学报 2023,44(2):438-445 Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops 收稿日期 2022-03-09；修回日期 2022-06-28 基金项目 国家科技支撑计划项目（No.2012BAC07B03）；上海市海洋局科研项目（沪海科 2015-02）。作者简介 刘 炜（1995），男，硕士，研究方向：植物生态学与生态修复。*通信作者（Corresponding author）：何培民（HE Peimin），E-mail：。海马齿生态适应能力与修复应用研究 刘 炜1,3，熊怡然1，郜晓峰1，刘金林1，孙 彬1,2，何培民1,2*1.上海海洋大学海洋生态与环境学院，上海 201306；2.上海水域生态环境工程高校研究中心，上海 201306；3.温州科技职业学院农业与生物技术学院，浙江温州 325006 摘 要：海马齿生态修复技术在福建等地的应用效果显著，但能否应用于杭州湾成为值得探讨的问题。杭州湾水域的主要问题是富营养化，海马齿在快速生长过程中能够吸收大量氮、磷，从而移除水体中过剩的营养盐。本文通过研究海马齿对不同光强、盐度和温度的生态适应能力，并对低温和高盐 2 种生态逆境及复合逆境进行进一步研究，以满足实际情况中海马齿修复杭州湾湿地或水域所面对的逆境状况。结果表明：（1）海马齿对光强耐受范围较广，光饱和点为 300 mol/(m2s)，不耐受强光照射，但强光对相对电子传递效率抑制较低。（2）海马齿对盐度耐受范围较宽，低盐和淡水条件下均可生长，能耐受 25 以上高盐；盐度在 15 以下时生长状态最佳，相对生长率显著高于其他处理组（P0.05），适宜的盐处理能促进根系生长发育。（3）海马齿对温度耐受范围广但不耐受低温。高温下海马齿依然保持较高生长率，25时生长状态最佳，生长率显著高于其他处理组（P0.05），表现为干物质积累较快，植物的株高、根长增长较快，叶片数量增加。5时遭受低温胁迫，该胁迫可逆，升温后植物可恢复生长，0时约 24 d 植株完全死亡。（4）复合逆境实验结果显示，5时淡水组出现植株死亡，但盐度 25 时存活率为 100%，0盐度 25 时存活率为40%，淡水组植株全部死亡，表明盐胁迫处理时长可能有利于低温下植物抵御胁迫。室外实验表明，海马齿能够适应杭州湾气候，但仍需考虑极端天气的影响。综上，海马齿生态修复技术基本能应用于杭州湾，研究结果将为杭州湾生态治理提供新的思路。关键词：海马齿；杭州湾；生态适应性；胁迫；生态修复 中图分类号：X171.4；X173 文献标识码：A Ecological Adaptation and Restoration Application of Sesuvium por-tulacastrum L.LIU Wei1,3,XIONG Yiran1,GAO Xiaofeng1,LIU Jinlin1,SUN Bin1,2,HE Peimin1,2*1.College of Marine Ecology and Environment,Shanghai Ocean University,Shanghai 201306,China;2.Shanghai University Re-search Center of Water Environment Ecological Engineering,Shanghai,201306,China;3.College of Agriculture and Biotechnology,Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology,Wenzhou,Zhejiang 325006,China Abstract:The technology of planting Sesuvium portulacastrum for ecological restoration has been widely used in Fujian and other places with remarkable results.It is worth discussing whether it can be applied in Hangzhou Bay with eutro-phication.The rapid growth of S.portulacastrum can absorb large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus and remove ex-cess nutrients from water.In this paper,the ecological adaptability of S.portulacastrum to different light intensity,sa-linity and temperature were studied,and the low temperature and high salinity stress and compound stress were studied further,which is to meet the actual restoration necessary of Hangzhou Bay wetland or water area using S.portulacas-trum.S.portulacastrum had a wide tolerance to light intensity,with a light saturation point of 300 mol/(m2s),and was intolerant to high light irradiation,but the inhibition of high light on relative electron transfer efficiency was low.S.portulacastrum had a wide range of tolerance to salinity,which could grow in low salinity or fresh water,and the spe-第 2 期 刘 炜等：海马齿生态适应能力与修复应用研究 439 cies can tolerate high salt stress more than 25.It grew better in salinity 15 than those of all treatment groups(P0.05).Appropriate salt treatment could promote root growth and development.S.portulacastrum could tolerate a wide range of temperature expect for very low temperature.S.portulacastrum still maintained a high growth rate in high tempera-ture,25 was the best status for the species growth,and the growth rate was significantly higher than that of other treatment group(P0.05)with accumulation of dry matter faster,plant height,root length grew rapidly and leaf number increased.Low temperature stress in 5 was reversible and the plant could grow when temperature roise.But the plant was completely dead under 0 in about 24 days.The plants in the fresh water group died at 5,but the survival rate of salinity 15 was 100%at 25,the survival rate of salinity 25 was 40%at 0,and all plants in the fresh water group died,indicating that salt stress may be beneficial to plant resistance to low temperature stress.Outdoor experiments showed that S.portulacastrum could adapt to Hangzhou Bay climate,but the effect of extreme weather needs to be con-sidered.In conclusion,the ecological restoration technology of S.portulacastrum could be applied in Hangzhou Bay basically,and the study would provide a new idea for the ecological restoration of Hangzhou Bay.Keywords:Sesuvium portulacastrum;Hangzhou Bay;ecological adaptability;stress;ecological restoration DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2023.02.023 海马齿（Sesuvium portulacastrum）又叫滨水菜，属于番杏科海马齿属，是一种多年生肉质草本植物1，分布于福建、台湾、广东（台山）、海南（南部）及东沙岛等热带和亚热带海岸，由于其独特的生理特性和良好的生态修复功能，厦门大学黄凌风团队应用该植物在浙江梅山湾进行生态修复，植株顺利过冬（尚未发表）。海马齿常见与红树林伴生于河口泥滩、沼泽、盐滩、石灰岩海岸带等盐碱地，是具有稳定盐渍土作用的兼性盐生植物，被用于我国南方海域生态修复工程中2。国内外早期对该植物的研究较关注其耐盐能力，MESSEDDI 等3发现海马齿在高至6001000 mmol/L的 NaCl溶液中其生长才受到抑制，由此，很多学者陆续开展了其耐盐机制与相关基因组学、转录组学等研究4-6，并由此开展了盐碱地生态修复工程的应用研究。近年来对海马齿耐重金属的研究较多，发现其对铅7、锌8、无机汞9、镍10、铜11等重金属具有良好的耐性与富集作用，具有极强的逆境适应性，开始用于废弃矿区修复，并逐步扩大到其他污染环境的修复。福建水产研究所与厦门大学率先应用海马齿生态浮床对富营养化海域进行原位生态修复12，在筼筜湖、八尺门海域等地修复效果良好，但面临技术应用推广的难题13，因此，亟需确定海马齿生态适应能力和应用区域等问题。杭州湾位于浙江省北部、上海市南部，东临舟山群岛，西有钱塘江汇入，是全国唯一的河口型海湾，处于副热带季风性气候区14。该区域经济活跃，自然和旅游资源丰富，区位优势明显。但随着人类活动和不合理的围填海等，20012018 年杭州湾全海域水质为劣四类，主要污染物为无机氮、活性磷酸盐和油类，海水呈富营养化，浮游植物密度较高，海洋生态系统总体不健康，生态系统功能受到严重损害15。由于杭州湾呈喇叭状，半日潮水文条件，湾内水体扩散条件差；河口海湾淡咸水相互作用，加上长江径流带来的营养盐叠加，该生态系统难以完成自我净化16，因此，亟待对杭州湾海域进行人工生态修复。海马齿对磷的半饱和吸收常数达 0.9593 m