美国加州教材 Glencoe Science - Level Blue Mcgraw, 2008 .pdf

interactivestudenteditionLevel Blue This furnace is used in theproduction of steel.Steel isformed by heating molten ironand scrap steel at 1550C.TheGrand Canyon was formed byover one billion years of erosion.These tropical fish are found inwaters that maintain a constanttemperature between 70C and78C.Color may give these fish a way to communicate with orattract mates.Send all inquiries to:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus,OH 43240-4027ISBN:978-0-07-877810-0MHID:0-07-877810-7Printed in the United States of America.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 079/043 09 08 07 06Copyright 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.Except as permitted underthe United States Copyright Act,no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in anyform or by any means,or stored in a database or retrieval system,without prior written permission of the publisher.The National Geographic features were designed and developed by the National Geographic SocietysEducation Division.Copyright National Geographic Society.The name“National Geographic Society”and the Yellow Border Rectangle are trademarks of the Society,and their use,without prior writtenpermission,is strictly prohibited.The“Science and Society”and the“Science and History”features that appear in this book weredesigned and developed by TIME School Publishing,a division of TIME Magazine.TIME and the redborder are trademarks of Time Inc.All rights reserved.(bkgd)Arnulf Husmo/Getty Images,(l)Georgette Douwma/Getty Images,(r)John Lawrence/Getty ImagesContentsIn BriefContents In BriefHumans and Heredity.2Chapter 1The Nature of Science.4Chapter 2Traits and How They Change.36Chapter 3Interactions of Human Systems.62Ecology.90Chapter 4Interactions of Life.92Chapter 5The Nonliving Environment.120Chapter 6Ecosystems.148Earths Changes over Time.178Chapter 7Plate Tectonics.180Chapter 8Earthquakes and Volcanoes.208Chapter 9Clues to Earths Past.240Chapter 10Geologic Time.270Earths Place in the Universe.302Chapter 11The Sun-Earth-Moon System.304Chapter 12The Solar System.334Chapter 13Stars and Galaxies.368Chemistry of Matter.400Chapter 14Inside the Atom.402Chapter 15The Periodic Table.432Chapter 16Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds.462Chapter 17Chemical Reactions.490Motion,Forces,and Energy.518Chapter 18Motion and Momentum.520Chapter 19Force and Newtons Laws.548Chapter 20Work and Simple Machines.578Chapter 21Thermal Energy.606Physical Interactions.632Chapter 22Electricity.634Chapter 23Magnetism.664Chapter 24Waves,Sound,and Light.692CONTENTAlton J.Banks,PhDDirector of the Faculty Center for Teaching and LearningNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh,NCJack CooperEnnis High SchoolEnnis,TXSandra K.Enger,PhDAssociate Director,Associate ProfessorUAH Institute for Science EducationHuntsville,ALDavid G.Haase,PhDNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh,NCMichael A.Hoggarth,PhDDepartment of Life and Earth SciencesOtterbein CollegeWesterville,OHJerome A.Jackson,PhDWhitaker Eminent Scholar in ScienceProgram DirectorCenter for Science,Mathematics,and Technology EducationFlorida Gulf Coast UniversityFort Meyers,FLWilliam C.Keel,PhDDepartment of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Alabama Tuscaloosa,ALLinda McGawScience Program Coordinator Advanced Placement Strategies,Inc.Dallas,TXMadelaine MeekPhysics Consultant EditorLebanon,OHRobert NiersteScience Department HeadHendrick Middle School,Plano ISDPlano,TXConnie Rizzo,MD,PhDDepatment of Science/MathMarymount Manhattan CollegeNew York,NYDominic Salinas,PhDMiddle School Science SupervisorCaddo Parish SchoolsShreveport,LACheryl WistromSt.Josephs CollegeRensselaer,INCarl Zorn,PhDStaff ScientistJefferson Laboratory Newport News,VAMATHMichael Hopper,DEngManager of Aircraft Certification L-3 CommunicationsGreenville,TXTeri Willard,EdDMathematics Curriculum WriterBelgrade,MTivAuthorsSeries ConsultantsEducation DivisionWashington,D.C.Alton BiggsRetired Biology TeacherAllen High SchoolAllen,TXRalph M.Feather Jr.,PhDAssistant Professor Geoscience DepartmentIndiana University of PennsylvaniaIndiana,PAPeter Rillero,PhDAssociate Professor of Science EducationArizona State University WestPhoenix,AZDinah ZikeEducational ConsultantDinah-Might Activities,Inc.San Antonio,TXREADINGElizabeth BabichSpecial Education TeacherMashpee Public SchoolsMashpee,MABarry BartoSpecial Education TeacherJohn F.Kennedy ElementaryManistee,MICarol A.Senf,PhDSchool of Literature,Communication,and CultureGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta,GARachel Swaters-KissingerScience Teacher John Boise Middle SchoolWarsaw,MOSAFETYAileen Duc,PhDScience 8 TeacherHendrick Middle School,Plano ISDPlano,TXSandra West,PhDDepartment of BiologyTexas State University-San MarcosSan Marcos,TXACTIVITY TESTERSNerma Coats HendersonPickerington Lakeview Jr.HighSchoolPickerington,OHMary Helen Mariscal-CholkaWilliam D.Slider Middle SchoolEl Paso,TXScience Kit and BorealLaboratoriesTonawanda,NYDeidre AdamsWest Vigo Middle SchoolWest Terre Haute,IN Sharla AdamsIPC TeacherAllen High SchoolAllen,TXMau