美国加州教材 Earth Science Geology, The Environment, And The Universe 2008.pdf

interactivestudenteditionAUTHORSFrancisco Borrero Frances Scelsi Hess Juno HsuGerhard Kunze Stephen A.Leslie Stephen LetroMichael Manga Len Sharp Theodore Snow Dinah ZikeNational Geographic(t,c)Getty Images,(b)Paul Chesley/Getty Imagesi_ii_FM_TP_874636.indd ii_ii_FM_TP_874636.indd i02/23/07 11:31:37 AM02/23/07 11:31:37 AMCopyright 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act,no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,or stored in a data-base retrieval system,without prior written permission of the publisher.The National Geographic features were designed and developed by the National Geographic s Children s Books and Education Division.Copyright National Geographic.The name“National Geographic”and the Yellow Border Rectangle are trademarks of National Geographic and their use,without prior written permission,is strictly prohibited.Send all inquires to:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus,OH 43240-4027ISBN-13:978-0-07-874636-9ISBN-10:0-07-874636-1Printed in the United States of America1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 071/043 12 11 10 09 08 07 About the Photo:The lava photo on the cover was taken in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on the big island of Ha-waii.The lava in the photo is flowing from active vents on the flank of Kilauea volcano.When lava flows into the sea,sulfuric acid in the lava mixes with chlorine in the water to form a mist of water vapor and hydrochloric acid.i_ii_FM_TP_874636.indd iii_ii_FM_TP_874636.indd ii02/23/07 11:31:45 AM02/23/07 11:31:45 AMStudent GuideReading for Information.xxiiScavenger Hunt.xxvUnit 1Earth Science.2 1 The Nature of Science.4 2 Mapping Our World.28Unit 2 Composition of Earth.56 3 Matter and Change.58 4 Minerals.84 5 Igneous Rocks.110 6 Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks.132Unit 3 Surface Processes on Earth.160 7 Weathering,Erosion,and Soil.162 8 Mass Movements,Wind,and Glaciers.192 9 Surface Water.22210 Groundwater.250Unit 4The Atmosphere and the Oceans.27811 Atmosphere.28012 Meteorology.31213 The Nature of Storms.34214 Climate.37415 Earth s Oceans.40416 The Marine Environment.436Unit 5The Dynamic Earth.464 17 Plate Tectonics.46618 Volcanism.49819 Earthquakes.52620 Mountain Building.560Unit 6 Geologic Time.58621 Fossils and the Rock Record.58822 The Precambrian Earth.61823 The Paleozoic,Mesozoic,and Cenozoic Eras.646Unit 7Resources and the Environment.67424 Earth Resources.67625 Energy Resources.70626 Human Impact on Resources.732Unit 8Beyond Earth.76027 The Sun-Earth-Moon System.76228 Our Solar System.79429 Stars.82830 Galaxies and the Universe.860National Geographic Expeditions.890Student Resources.940Skillbuilder Handbook.941Reference Handbook.954English/Spanish Glossary.966Index.1004 Credits.1027 Contents in Briefiiiiii_vii_FM_ARC_874636.indd iiiiii_vii_FM_ARC_874636.indd iii02/23/07 11:24:42 AM02/23/07 11:24:42 AMDr.Francisco Borrero is a high school Earth science and Spanish teacher at Cincinnati Country Day School and a research associate and Adjunct Curator of Mollusks at Cincinnati Museum Center in Cincinnati,Ohio.He has taught Earth science and Spanish for over 20 years.Dr.Borrero holds a BS in zoology from Universidad del Valle,Colombia,and MS and PhD degrees in biological sciences from the University of South Carolina at Columbia.Dr.Borrero s research examines the rela-tionship between physical habitat characteristics and the diversity and distribution of natural populations of mollusks.Dr.Frances Scelsi Hess teaches Earth science at Cooperstown High School in New York.She received her BS and MS in science from the State University at Oneonta,and her EdD from Columbia University.Dr.Hess is a Fellow of the Science Teachers Association of New York State,and has received numerous teach-ing awards,including the Phi Delta Kappa Reed Travel Scholarship to Australia and New Zealand.Dr.Chia Hui(Juno)Hsu currently works as a project scientist at University of California,Irvine.She holds a BS in physics and Earth science from National Taiwan Normal University,an MS in atmospheric sciences from National Taiwan University,and a PhD in atmospheric sciences from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Before beginning her graduate work,Dr.Hsu taught 9th-grade Earth science.Her research interests include the dynamics of monsoons,climate regime shifts,and modeling global-scale atmospheric chemistry.Dr.Gerhard Kunze is professor emeritus of geology at the University of Akron in Ohio.He has a BS in science and a PhD in geophysics from Penn State University.He was an NRC research associate at Johnson Space Center,Houston,Texas from 19731974.In 1990,Dr.Kunze was awarded a senior Fulbright scholarship to teach geophysics at the Institute of Geophysics,a department of the University of Kiel in Germany.Dr.Stephen A.Leslie is an associate professor of geology in the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Arkansas in Little Rock.His areas of research include pale