美国加州教材 Exploring Our World - People, Places, And Cultures.pdf

interactivestudentedition(tl)Keith Macgregor/Taxi/Getty Images,(tc)Andrea Pistolesi/The Image Bank/Getty Images,(c)Yann Arthus-Bertrand/CORBIS,(r)David Turnley/CORBIS,(bl)Chris Cheadle/The Image Bank/Getty ImagesThe National Geographic Society,founded in 1888 for the increase and diffusion of geographic knowl-edge,is the world s largest nonprofi t scientifi c and educational organization.Since its earliest days,the Society has used sophisticated communication technologies,from color photography to holography,to convey geographic knowledge to a worldwide membership.The School Publishing Division sup-ports the Society s mission by developing innovative education programsranging from traditional print materials to multimedia programs including CD-ROMs,videos,and software.Senior AuthorRichard G.BoehmRichard G.Boehm,Ph.D.,was one of seven authors of Geography for Life,national standards in geography,prepared under Goals 2000:Educate America Act.He was also one of the authors of the Guidelines for Geo-graphic Education,in which the Five Themes of Geog-raphy were fi rst articulated.Dr.Boehm has received many honors,including“Distinguished Geography Educator”by the National Geographic Society(1990),the“George J.Miller Award”from the National Council for Geographic Education(NCGE)for distin-guished service to geographic education(1991),and“Gilbert Grosvenor Honors”in geographic educa-tion from the Association of American Geographers(2002).He was President of the NCGE and has twice won the Journal of Geography award for best article.He has received the NCGE s“Distinguished Teaching Achievement”award and presently holds the Jesse H.Jones Distinguished Chair in Geographic Educa-tion at Texas State University in San Marcos,Texas.Francis P.HunkinsFrancis P.Hunkins,Ph.D.,is Professor of Education at the University of Washington.He began his career as a teacher in Massachusetts.He received his master s degree in education from Boston University and his doctorate from Kent State University with a major in general curriculum and a minor in geography.Dr.Hunkins has written numerous books and articles.David G.ArmstrongDavid G.Armstrong,Ph.D.,served as Dean of the School of Education at the University of North Caro-lina at Greensboro.A social studies education special-ist with additional advanced training in geography,Dr.Armstrong was educated at Stanford University,University of Montana,and University of Washington.Dinah ZikeDinah Zike,M.Ed.,is an award-winning author,educator,and inventor known for designing three-dimensional hands-on manipulatives and graphic organizers known as Foldables.Dinah has devel-oped educational books and materials and is the author of The Big Book of Books and Activities,which was awarded Learning Magazine s Teachers Choice Award.In 2004 Dinah was honored with the CESI Science Advocacy Award.Dinah received her M.Ed.from Texas A&M,College Station,Texas.Copyright 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976,no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,or stored in a database or retrieval system,without the prior written permission of the publisher.National Geographic contributions,identifi ed by the trademark,were designed and developed by National Geographic School Publishing.Copyright 2008 National Geographic Society.All rights reserved.The name“National Geographic Society”and the Yellow Border Rectangle are trademarks of the Society,and their use,without prior written permission,is strictly pro-hibited.TIME Journal and TIME Perspectives TIME Inc.Prepared by TIME Learning Ventures in collaboration with Glencoe/McGraw-Hill.TIME and the red border design are trademarks of TIME Inc.and used under license.Send all inquiries to:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus,Ohio 43240-4027ISBN:978-0-07-874576-8MHID:0-07-874576-4Printed in the United States of America.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 079/055 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07About the AuthorsAbout the AuthorsiiiAcademic ConsultantsPratyusha Basu,Ph.D.Assistant Professor of GeographyUniversity of South FloridaTampa,FloridaSari Bennett,Ph.D.Director,Center for Geographic EducationUniversity of Maryland,Baltimore CountyBaltimore,MarylandDennis Conway,Ph.D.Professor of GeographyIndiana UniversityBloomington,IndianaCliff ord B.Craig,Ph.D.Professor of Geography and Earth ResourcesUtah State UniversityLogan,UtahBrooks Green,Ph.D.Associate Professor of GeographyUniversity of Central ArkansasConway,ArkansasGerald T.Hanson,Ph.D.Professor of Cultural GeographyUniversity of Arkansas at Little RockLittle Rock,ArkansasDarrell P.Kruger,Ph.D.Professor of GeographyIllinois State UniversityNormal,IllinoisDavid A.Lanegran,Ph.D.John S.Holl Professor of GeographyMacalester CollegeSt.Paul,MinnesotaElizabeth J.Leppman,Ph.D.Adjunct Professor of GeographyEastern Kentucky UniversityRichmond,KentuckyCatherine M.Lockwood,Ph.D.Professor of GeographyChadron State CollegeChad