How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper.pdf

How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper How to Write and Publish a Scientific PaperEighth EditionBarbara Gastel and RobertA.Day Copyright 2016 by Barbara Gastel and RobertA.DayAll rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,or other wise,except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review,without prior permission in writing from the publisher.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames:Day,Robert A.,1924 author.|Gastel,Barbara,author.Title:How to write and publish a scientific paper/Barbara Gastel and Robert A.Day.Description:Eighth edition.|Santa Barbara,California:Greenwood,2016|Authorsnames in reverse order on previous editions.|Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers:LCCN 2015045511|ISBN 9781440842627(hardcover:alk.paper)|ISBN 9781440842801(pbk.)|ISBN 9781440842634(ebook)Subjects:LCSH:Technical writing.Classification:LCC T11.D33 2016|DDC 808.06/65dc23LC record available at http:/lccn.loc.gov/2015045511ISBN:978-1-4408-4262-7(hardcover)ISBN:978-1-4408-4280-1(paperback)EISBN:978-1-4408-4263-420 19 18 17 16 1 2 3 4 5This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook.Visit www.abc- for details.GreenwoodAn Imprint of ABC-CLIO,LLCABC-CLIO,LLC130 Cremona Drive,P.O.Box1911Santa Barbara,California 93116-1911This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of Amer i ca vPreface xvA Word to International Readers xixAcknowl edgments xxiPART I:SOME PRELIMINARIES1 What Is Scientific Writing?3The Scope of Scientific Writing 3The Need for Clarity 3Receiving the Signals 4Understanding the Signals 4Understanding the Context 4Organ ization and Language in Scientific Writing 52 Historical Perspectives 6The Early History 6The Electronic Era 7The IMRAD Story 83 Approaching a Writing Proj ect 11Establishing the Mindset 11Preparing to Write 12Contents vi Contents Doing the Writing 14Revising Your Work 164 What Is a Scientific Paper?18Definition of a Scientific Paper 18Organ ization of a Scientific Paper 20Shape of a Scientific Paper 22Other Definitions 225 Ethics in Scientific Publishing 24Ethics as a Foundation 24Authenticity and Accuracy 24Originality 25Credit 26Ethical Treatment of Humans and Animals 27Disclosure of Conflicts of Interest 286 Where to Submit Your Manuscript 29Why Decide Early,Why Decide Well 29Prestige and Impact 31Access 34Avoiding Predatory Journals 34Other Factors to Consider 35Using Instructions to Authors 36PART II:PREPARING THE TEXT7 How to Prepare the Title 41Importance of the Title 41Length of the Title 42Need for Specific Titles 42Importance of Syntax 43The Title as a Label 44Abbreviations and Jargon 45More About Title Format 458 How to List the Authors and Addresses 47The Order of the Names 47Definition of Authorship 49 Contents viiDefining the Order:An Example 50Specifying Contributions 51Proper and Consistent Form 51Listing the Addresses 52A Solution:ORCID 53Purposes of the Addresses 549 How to Prepare the Abstract 55Definition 55Types of Abstracts 57Economy of Words 59Akin to Abstracts 6010 How to Write the Introduction 61Guidelines 61Reasons for the Guidelines 62Exceptions 63Citations and Abbreviations 6511 How to Write the Materials and Methods Section 66Purpose of the Section 66Materials 67Methods 68Headings 68Mea sure ments and Analy sis 68Need for References 69Tables and Figures 69Correct Form and Grammar 7012 How to Write the Results 72Content of the Results 72How to Handle Numbers 73Strive for Clarity 73Avoid Redundancy 74A Supplement on Supplementary Material Online 7413 How to Write the Discussion 75Discussion and Verbiage 75Components of the Discussion 76Factual Relationships 76 viii ContentsNoting Strengths and Limitations 77Significance of the Paper 78Defining Scientific Truth 7814 How to State the Acknowl edgments 80Ingredients of the Acknowl edgments 80Being Courteous 8015 How to Cite the References 82Rules to Follow 82Electronic Aids to Citation 83Citations in the Text 83Reference Styles 84Name and Year System 85Alphabet-Number System 85Citation Order System 86Titles and Inclusive Pages 87Journal Abbreviations 87Some Trends in Reference Format 88Examples of Dif er ent Reference Styles 88Citing Electronic Material 89One More Reason to Cite Carefully 89PART III:PREPARING THE TABLES AND FIGURES16 How to Design Effective Tables 93When to Use Tables 93How to Arrange Tabular Material 96Exponents in Table Headings 99Following the Journals Instructions 99Titles,Footnotes,and Abbreviations 100Additional Tips on Tables 10017 How to Prepare Effective Graphs 101When Not to Use Graphs 101When to Use Graphs 103How to Prepare Graphs 104Symbols and Legends 106A Few More Tips on Graphs 107 Contents ix18 How to Prepare Effective Photographs 108Photographs and Micrographs 108Submission Formats 108Cropping 109Necessary Keys and Guides 109Color 111Line Drawings 113PART IV:PUBLISHING THE PAPER19