Science 2016-01-15.pdf

15 JANUARY 2016 VOL 351 ISSUE 6270 203SCIENCE sciencemag.org15 JANUARY 2016 VOLUME 351 ISSUE 6270CONTENTSPHOTO:(TOP)REUTERS/OSWALDO RIVAS224Evaluating disease causationNEWSIN BRIEF208 News at a glanceIN DEPTH 211 ASTRONOMERS SEE ASHES OF THE FIRST STARSPrimordial clouds show how giant stars forged the heavy elements that fill todays universe By D.Clery212 REGULATORS SEEK TO TAME BRAINTRAININGS WILD WEST$2 million fine for Lumosity is latest shot at claims of cognitive benefits from games and apps By E.Underwood213 PUBLISHERS EMBRACE SCHEME TOEND NAME CONFUSIONORCID gives every Smith and Wang a unique number By J.Bohannon214 FEMALE ORGANS REVEALED ASWEAPONS IN SEXUAL ARMS RACEResearchers broaden their focus beyond male anatomy By E.Pennisi215 INCANDESCENT LIGHTS GO GREENPhotonic technology boosts efficiency of warm,wasteful bulbs By R.F.Service216 CALTECH SUSPENDS PROFESSOR FOR HARASSMENTUniversity restricts his access to graduate students after upholding their complaints By J.MervisFEATURES 217 THE SOCIAL LIFE OF QUARKSParticles consisting of four and five quarks make a comeback By A.Cho220 A NATION DIVIDEDSome scientists see Nicaraguas plans for a Grand Canal as a boon for an ailing land;others predict ecological catastrophe By L.WadeScience Staff.206AAAS Meeting Program.290New Products.303Science Careers.304INSIGHTSPERSPECTIVES 224 ADAPTING KOCHS POSTULATESCriteria for disease causation must take microbial interactions into account By A.L.Byrd and J.A.Segre226 SMALL PEPTIDES CONTROL HEART ACTIVITYPeptides from long noncoding RNAs control a muscle calcium pump By F.Payre and C.Desplan REPORT P.272228 IRES UNPLUGGEDCap-independent translation by IRESs can occur from various locations in mRNA By F.Gebauer and M.W.Hentze RESEARCH ARTICLE P.240229 TUNING TERAHERTZ LASERSVIA GRAPHENE PLASMONSThe emission of a terahertz laser is controlled by graphene carrier density By M.Polini REPORT P.246230 SAMPLING THE MOONS ATMOSPHEREIn situ measurements reveal details of the production and evolution of the lunar exosphere By C.Dukes and D.Hurley REPORT P.249BOOKS ET AL.232 WHY WE SNAPBy R.D.Fields,reviewed by P.Wallisch233 ORPHANBy P.R.Reilly,reviewed by N.YangLETTERS 234 WEATHER STATIONS LACK FOREST DATABy P.De Frenne and K.Verheyen234 VISA RULES IMPERIL COLLABORATIONBy N.Madani220211Will an interoceanic canal harm Lake Nicaragua?Published by AAAS15 JANUARY 2016 VOL 351 ISSUE 6270 205SCIENCE sciencemag.orgCONTENTS229&246Graphene as a laser tuner15 JANUARY 2016 VOLUME 351 ISSUE 6270RESEARCHIN BRIEF 236 From Science and other journalsREVIEW239 VIRAL IMMUNITYTranskingdom control of viral infection and immunity in the mammalian intestine J.K.Pfeiffer and H.W.VirginREVIEW SUMMARY;FOR FULL TEXT:dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aad5872RESEARCH ARTICLES 240 COMPARATIVE GENETICSSystematic discovery of cap-independent translation sequences in human and viral genomes S.Weingarten-Gabbay et al.RESEARCH ARTICLE SUMMARY;FOR FULL TEXT:dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aad4939 PERSPECTIVE P.228241 ORGANIC CHEMISTRYStrain-release amination R.Gianatassio et al.REPORTS 246 APPLIED OPTICSGain modulation by graphene plasmons in aperiodic lattice lasers S.Chakraborty et al.PERSPECTIVE P.229249 LUNAR ATMOSPHEREHow surface composition and meteoroid impacts mediate sodium and potassium in the lunar exosphere A.Colaprete et al.PERSPECTIVE P.230252 ORGANIC CHEMISTRYFunctionalization of C(sp3)H bonds using a transient directing group F.-L.Zhang et al.257 ASTRONOMYASASSN-15lh:A highly super-luminous supernova S.Dong et al.260 PALEOANTHROPOLOGYEarly human presence in the Arctic:Evidence from 45,000-year-old mammoth remains V.V.Pitulko et al.PODCAST264 PHYTOPLANKTONThe fate of photons absorbed by phytoplankton in the global ocean H.Lin et al.267 NEURAL CIRCUITSInhibition protects acquired song segments during vocal learning in zebra finches D.Vallentin et al.271 MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGYA peptide encoded by a transcript annotated as long noncoding RNA enhances SERCA activity in muscle B.R.Nelson et al.PERSPECTIVE P.226275 METABOLISMAMP-activated protein kinase mediates mitochondrial fission in response to energy stress E.Q.Toyama et al.282 RNA BIOCHEMISTYTranscriptome-wide distribution and function of RNA hydroxymethylcytosine B.Delatte et al.285 GENE REGULATIONTranscription factors LRF and BCL11A independently repress expression of fetal hemoglobin T.Masuda et al.ON THE COVERA young zebra finch(left)attending to his father(right).During development,juvenile birds listen to and imitate their fathers courtship song.Through behavioral tracking and synaptic current measurements,Vallentin et al.show that neuronal circuit inhibition preferentially targets specific pieces of song that the birds have already mastered,suggesting a new circuit mechanism for observational learning.See page 267.Photo:Georg KoscheSCIENCE(ISSN 0036-8075)is published weekly on Friday,except the last week in December,by the American Association for the Advancement of Science,1200 New York Avenue,NW,Wash