2011年考研英语真题及解析.pdf

2011 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D onANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as“a bodily exercise precious to health.”But 1 some claims to the contrary,laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness.Laughterdoes 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels,3 heart rate and oxygenconsumption.But because hard laughter is difficult to 4,a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the way,say,walking or jogging does.6,instead of straining muscles to build them,as exercise does,laughter apparently accomplishes the 7.Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter8 muscles,decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutesafter the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress.Anyway,the act oflaughing probably does produce other types of 10 feedback that improve an individuals emotionalstate.11 one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions.It was arguedat the end of the 19thcentury that humans do not cry 13 they are sad but that they become sad when the tearsbegin to flow.Although sadness also 14 tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses.In anexperiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Wrzburg in Germanyasked volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeth thereby creating an artificial smile or with their lips,which would produce a(n)17 expression.Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 18 moreenthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown,19 thatexpressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around.20,the physical act of laughtercould improve mood.1.A amongB exceptC despiteD like2.A reflectB demandC indicateD produce3.A stabilizing B boostingC impairingD determining4.A transmitB sustainC evaluateD observe5.A measurableB manageable C affordableD renewable6.A In turnB In factC In additionD In brief7.A oppositeB impossible C averageD expected8.A hardensB weakensC tightensD relaxes9.A aggravateB generateC moderateD enhance10.A physicalB mentalC subconsciousD internal11.A ExceptforB According toC Due toD As for12.A withB onC inD at13.A unlessB untilC ifD because14.A exhaustsB followsC precedesD suppresses15.A intoB fromC towardsD beyond16.A fetchB biteC pickD hold17.A disappointed B excitedC joyfulD indifferent18.A adaptedB cateredC turnedD reacted19.A suggestingB requiringC mentioningD supposing20.A EventuallyB ConsequentlyC SimilarlyD ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark youranswers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire AlanGilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the suddenannouncement of his appointment in 2009.For the most part,the response has been favorable,to say the least.“Hooray!At last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini,a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise,however,is that Gilbert iscomparatively little known.Even Tommasini,who had advocated Gilberts appointment in theTimes,callshim“an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”As a description of thenext music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and PierreBoulez,that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part,I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one.To be sure,heperforms an impressive variety of interesting compositions,but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery FisherHall,or anywhere else,to hear interesting orchestral music.All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf,or bootup my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing thepoint.For the time,attention,and money of the art-loving public,classical instrumentalists must compete notonly with opera houses,dance troupes,theater companies,and museums,but also with the recordedperformances of the great classical musicians of the 20thcentury.These recordings are cheap,availableeverywhere,and very often much higher in artistic quality than todays live performances;moreover,they canbe“consumed”at a time and place of the listeners choosing.The widespread availability of such recordingshas thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet availableon record.Gilberts own interest in new music has been widely noted:Alex Ross,a cla