Science 2016-07-01.pdf

PHOTO(TOP):GENEVIEVE MARTIN/ORNL1 JULY 2016 VOL 353 ISSUE 6294 3SCIENCE sciencemag.org1 JULY 2016 VOLUME 353 ISSUE 6294CONTENTS29 THE EVOLUTIONARY PATHOF LEAST RESISTANCEEvolution favored teeth with thicker enamel over sharply crested teeth in hominins confronted with tough diets By P.S.Ungar and L.J.Hlusko30 PROMOTING CNS REPAIRWhat infl uences glial and neuronal response to neurodegeneration?By E.G.Cameron and J.L.Goldberg RESEARCH ARTICLE P.4332 HOW CLIMATE CHANGE AFFECTS PLANTS SEX LIVESShifts in plant sex ratios help plant species to expand upslope in a warmer climate By J.R.Etterson and S.J.Mazer REPORT P.6933 Yob MAKES MOSQUITOES MALEA gender-switch gene opens avenues to malaria control By S.P.Sinkins REPORT P.67POLICY FORUM 35 REFORMS TO IMPROVE U.S.GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITYBill will encode a“presumption of openness”into law By A.B.Howard and P.McDermott17 SCIENTISTS CHEER SENATE BILLLong-awaited successor to COMPETES Act rejects controversial House approach to managing federal research By J.MervisFEATURE 18 SOUTH AFRICAS BID TO END AIDSThe tools exist,but the countrys epidemicthe largest in the worldwont yield easily By J.Cohen PODCAST153532&69Plant reproduction in a changing climate Science Staf .6New Products.87Science Careers.88INSIGHTSLETTERS 22 NEXTGEN VOICES PERSPECTIVES 26 HOW FRIGATE BIRDS SOAR AROUND THE DOLDRUMSFrigate birds forage over vast distances by getting boosts from thermals and trade winds By R.B.Huey and C.Deutsch REPORT P.7428 TIMING PHOTOEMISSIONFINAL STATE MATTERSUltrafast spectroscopy can track the electron dynamics of the photoemission process By U.Bovensiepen and M.Ligges REPORT P.62Neutron detectors that easedemand for a scarce isotope.NEWSIN BRIEF8 News at a glanceIN DEPTH 12 BREXIT CASTS PALL ON FUTURE OF U.K.SCIENCEFunding,freedom of movement,and a voice in Europes science policy are all in question By D.Clery EDITORIAL P.714 FIGHTING AUTOIMMUNITY WITH IMMUNE CELLSEngineered T cells can selectively destroy sources of enemy antibodies By M.Leslie REPORT BY C.T.ELLEBRECHT ET AL.10.1126/science.aaf675615 RESEARCHERS RISE TO CHALLENGE OF REPLACING HELIUM-3New nuclear detector technologies forgo scarce isotope By R.Stone16 CFC BANS PAY OFF AS ANTARCTIC OZONE LAYER STARTS TO MENDStudy shows hole has shrunk since 2000 thanks to restrictions on chlorine chemicals By E.Hand RESEARCH ARTICLE BY S.SOLOMON ET AL.10.1126/science.aae006135Published by AAAS on June 30,2016http:/science.sciencemag.org/Downloaded from 1 JULY 2016 VOL 353 ISSUE 6294 5SCIENCE sciencemag.orgCONTENTS1 JULY 2016 VOLUME 353 ISSUE 6294RESEARCHIN BRIEF 39 From Science and other journalsREVIEW42 PROTEOSTASISIn vivo aspects of protein folding and quality control D.Balchin et al.REVIEW SUMMARY;FOR FULL TEXT:dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4354RESEARCH ARTICLES 43 RETINAL REPAIRImmune modulation by MANF promotes tissue repair and regenerative success in the retina J.Neves et al.RESEARCH ARTICLE SUMMARY;FOR FULL TEXT:dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf3646 PERSPECTIVE P.3044 CENTROSOMESA mechanism for the elimination of the female gamete centrosome in Drosophila melanogaster A.Pimenta-Marques et al.RESEARCH ARTICLE SUMMARY;FOR FULL TEXT:dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf486645 CHEMICAL BIOLOGYChemical genetic discovery of PARP targets reveals a role for PARP-1 in transcription elongation B.A.Gibson et al.REPORTS 51 ORGANIC CHEMISTRYCatalytic,asymmetric difl uorination of alkenes to generate difl uoromethylated stereocenters S.M.Banik et al.55 MARTIAN GEOLOGYLarge wind ripples on Mars:A record of atmospheric evolution M.G.A.Lapotre et al.58 SOLAR CELLSA vacuum fl ashassisted solution process for high-ef ciency large-area perovskite solar cells X.Li et al.62 ULTRAFAST DYNAMICSDirect time-domain observation of attosecond fi nal-state lifetimes in photoemission from solids Z.Tao et al.PERSPECTIVE P.2867 MALARIA MOSQUITOESA maleness gene in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae E.Krzywinska et al.PERSPECTIVE P.3369 CLIMATE CHANGESex-specifi c responses to climate change in plants alter population sex ratio and performance W.K.Petry et al.PERSPECTIVE P.3272 CARBON CYCLEMycorrhizal association as a primary control of the CO2 fertilization ef ect C.Terrer et al.74 BIRD FLIGHTFrigate birds track atmospheric conditions over months-long transoceanic fl ights H.Weimerskirch et al.PERSPECTIVE P.2678 TRANSCRIPTIONVisualization and analysis of gene expression in tissue sections by spatial transcriptomics P.L.Sthl et al.83 STRUCTURAL BIOLOGYElucidation of AMPA receptorstargazin complexes by cryoelectron microscopy E.C.Twomey et al.ON THE COVERSouth Africa has pledged to end AIDS by 2030.Antiretroviral drugs like those on the cover are key to the ef ort because they make infected people less likely to transmit HIV.But with 18%of the worlds HIV-infected people,the country faces the huge challenge of ramping up treatment to all in need.See page 18.Photo:James OatwaySCIENCE(ISSN 0036-8075)is published weekly on Friday,except the last week in De